World War II

452 Bomb Group B-17G Flying Fortress flying through flak

The squadron was first activated in June 1943 at Geiger Field, Washington as the 729th Bombardment Squadron, one of the four original squadrons of the 452d Bombardment Group. Later that month, it moved to Rapid City Army Air Base, South Dakota and began to train with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. It continued training with Second Air Force until December, when it began its movement to the European Theater of Operations.^[1][4] The ground echelon staged through Camp Shanks and sailed on the RMS Queen Elizabeth on 2 January 1944. The air echelon deployed via the South Atlantic air ferry route^[5]

The squadron established itself at RAF Deopham Green in January 1944, and began operations on 4 February 1944 with a strike on an aircraft assembly plant near Brunswick. Its strategic targets included railroad marshalling yards near Frankfurt, aircraft factories near Regensberg and Kassel. the ball bearing factory at Schweinfurt and an oil refinery near Bohlen.^[4] In September 1944, the squadron participated in the third shuttle mission, striking Chemnitz before landing in bases in the Soviet Union.^[6]

The 729th was occasionally diverted to support tactical operations. It hit airfields, V-weapon launching sites, bridges and other objectives in preparations for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy. It bombed enemy positions to support Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo in July 1944 and the attacks on Brest, France in August. It supported Operation Market Garden, airborne attacks in the Netherlands in September and, during the Battle of the Bulge, struck German lines of communication. It struck an airfield to support Operation Varsity, the airborne assault across the Rhine.^[4]

Shortly before the end of the war, on 7 April, the squadron struck the jet fighter base at Kaltenkirchen, pressing the attack despite strong fighter opposition, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation. It flew its last mission of the war on 21 April against marshalling yards at Ingolstadt.^[4]

After V-E Day, in August 1945, the squadron returned to the United States (the ground echelon once again sailed on the RMS Queen Elizabeth)^[5] and was inactivated at Sioux Falls Army Air Field, South Dakota.^[1]

Reserve duty and Korean War call-up

B-26Bs of the 452d Bomb Wing in Korea^{[lower-alpha 5]}

The squadron was reactivated in the reserve at Long Beach Army Air Field, California in 1947 as a very heavy bomber squadron, but conducted proficiency flying with a variety of trainer airplanes under the supervision of the 416th AAF Base Unit (later the 2347th Air Force Reserve Training Center).^[7][8] In a 1949 reorganization of the reserves, it became a light bomber squadron and began to equip and train with Douglas B-26 Invaders.^{[lower-alpha 6]} The squadron was manned at only 25% of its authorized strength.^[9]

The squadron was mobilized for the Korean War in August 1950 in the first wave of reserve mobilizations. To help bring it up to strength, the squadron was augmented by reservists assigned to the 448th Bombardment Wing, which was also stationed at Long Beach, but remained in reserve status until the following year.^[10] The 729th was a squadron of one of the first two reserve wings to be mobilized,^{[lower-alpha 7]} and administrative provisions for mobilization proved inadequate, with numerous reservists never receiving the telegrams calling them to active duty.^[11]

The unit moved to George Air Force Base, California for intensive training and to be brought up to full strength. In October, the squadron deployed to Itazuke Air Base, Japan to begin combat operations.^[1] It entered combat two days later, depending on support from organizations already in theater and not waiting for support from the 452d Wing's ground echelon, which arrived by ship in November.^[12] The squadron operated from Japan and later from the southern tip of Korea. The squadron flew armed reconnaissance, intruder and interdiction missions. It supported ground troops and attacked tactical targets.^[4]

On 23 March 1951, the squadron led troop carrier aircraft carrying the 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment in an aerial assault on Munsan-ni, strafing the front lines of the Chinese Communist Forces and dropping bombs on enemy targets.^[12] Prior to June 1951, the squadron had been conducting strikes primarily in the daytime. However, due to the extent of enemy night movements, after June, the 729th focused on night operations.^[13] In May 1952, the squadron was inactivated and returned to the reserve. Its mission, personnel and aircraft were transferred to the 37th Bombardment Squadron, which was simultaneously activated at Pusan East (K-9) Air Base, South Korea.^[1][14]

Reconnaissance and Bombardment in the reserves

The squadron was redesignated the 729th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and activated in June 1952 at Long Beach, where it absorbed some of the resources of the 921st Reserve Training Wing, which was inactivated. The reserve mobilization for the Korean War, however, had left the reserve without aircraft, and the unit did not receive aircraft until July 1952.^[15] Despite its tactical reconnaissance name, it was first equipped with Curtiss C-46 Commando transports. The following year, it began to equip with a mix of aircraft, including The B-26 and North American F-51 Mustang. In 1954 it received its first jets, Lockheed F-80 Shooting Stars.^[1][16]

In 1955, the squadron once again became the 729th Bombardment Squadron and trained with the Invader as a tactical bombardment unit.^[16] However, at this time, the Joint Chiefs of Staff were pressuring the Air Force to provide more wartime airlift. At the same time, about 150 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars became available from the active force. Consequently, in November 1956 the Air Force directed Continental Air Command (ConAC) to convert units to the troop carrier mission by September 1957.^[17] In July 1957, the squadron became the 729th Troop Carrier Squadron.^[1]

Tactical airlift

As a troop carrier squadron the unit transitioned to the C-119 and flew them from Long Beach until reserve flying operations there ended in the fall of 1960 and the 452d Troop Carrier Wing moved to March Air Force Base. The squadron had been assigned directly to the wing since April 1959, when ConAC converted its flying wings to the dual deputy organization^{[lower-alpha 8]} and inactivated the 452d Troop Carrier Group.^[1][16] At March, in place of active duty support for reserve units, ConAC used the Air Reserve Technician Program, in which a cadre of the unit consisted of full-time personnel who were simultaneously civilian employees of the Air Force and held rank as members of the reserves.^[18]

Activation of groups under the wing

Since 1955, the Air Force had been detaching Air Force Reserve squadrons from their parent wing locations to separate sites. The concept offered several advantages: communities were more likely to accept the smaller squadrons than the large wings and the location of separate squadrons in smaller population centers would facilitate recruiting and manning. In time, the detached squadron program proved successful in attracting additional participants.^[19] Although the dispersal of flying units was not a problem when the entire wing was called to active service, mobilizing a single flying squadron and elements to support it proved difficult. This weakness was demonstrated in the partial mobilization of reserve units during the Berlin Crisis of 1961. To resolve this, at the start of 1962, ConAC determined to reorganize its reserve wings by establishing groups with support elements for each of its troop carrier squadrons. This reorganization would facilitate mobilization of elements of wings in various combinations when needed. However, as this plan was entering its implementation phase, another partial mobilization occurred for the Cuban Missile Crisis.^[20] The formation of new troop carrier groups was delayed until January for wings that had not been mobilized.^[20] The 943d Troop Carrier Group was formed at March on 17 January as the headquarters for the 729th and its supporting units.^[1][16]

In March 1968, the squadron moved to Norton Air Force Base, California, but it would only fly C-119s from Norton for a year.^[1]

Squadron C-141B Starlifter over the Grand Canyon in 1998

Strategic airlift

By 1968 regular air force military airlift squadrons were operating the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, while reserve heavy airlift units still flew the obsolete Douglas C-124 Globemaster II. As the Globemaster was retired, Air Force Reserve formed associate units with the C-141 In this program reserve units flew and maintained aircraft owned by an associated regular unit.^[21] On 25 April 1969, the 729th transferred its aircraft and was reassigned to the 944th Military Airlift Group as an associate of the active duty 63d Military Airlift Wing. In 1973, Air Force Reserve inactivated its reserve associate groups and the squadron was assigned directly to the 445th Military Airlift Wing. Missions the 729th has flown included humanitarian relief, aeromedical flights, and airdrops of supplies and paratroopers.^[1]

In August 1992, Air Force Reserve Command reorganized its flying wings under the Objective Wing model. The squadron, along with the other flying squadrons of the 445th Wing, was assigned to the reactivated 445th Operations Group. As a result of the closure of Norton as part of the United States Department of Defense's 1988 Base Realignment and Closure Commission program, on 14 August 1993, the 729th returned to March Air Force Base, where it was assigned to the 452d Operations Group and once more operated its own planes. The 729th was renamed the 729th Airlift Squadron on 1 February 1992.^[1][16] The squadron retired its C-141 Starlifter fleet in 2005.^[22]

On 9 August 2005 the wing received its first Boeing C-17 Globemaster III strategic airlifter, named "Spirit of California". This was the first of nine C-17s assigned to the 452nd, the wing became the first Air Force Reserve Command C-17 Globemaster III unit.^[23]

Assignments

• 452d Bombardment Group, 1 June 1943 – 28 August 1945
• 452d Bombardment Group, 12 July 1947 – 10 May 1952
• 452d Tactical Reconnaissance Group (later 452d Bombardment Group, 452d Troop Carrier Group), 13 June 1952
• 452d Troop Carrier Wing, 14 April 1959
• 943d Troop Carrier Group (later 943 Tactical Airlift Group), 17 January 1963
• 944th Military Airlift Group, 25 April 1969
• 445th Military Airlift Wing, 1 July 1973
• 445th Operations Group, 1 August 1992
• 452d Operations Group, 1 May 1994 – present^[1]

Stations

Aircraft

Awards and campaigns

Award streamer	Award	Dates	Notes
	Distinguished Unit Citation	7 April 1945	Germany 729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Distinguished Unit Citation	9 July-27 November 1951	Korea 729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Distinguished Unit Citation	28 November 1951-30 April 1952	Korea 729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 July 1970-30 June 1971	729th Military Airlift Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 September 1985-31 August 1987	729th Military Airlift Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 September 1995-31 August 1996	729th Airlift Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 September 1997-31 August 1999	729th Airlift Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 October 2002–30 September 2004	729th Airlift Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 October 2004–30 September 2006	729th Airlift Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 October 2006–30 September 2008	729th Airlift Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 October 2008–30 September 2010	729th Airlift Squadron[1]
	Korean Presidential Unit Citation	27 October 1950-27 October 1951	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm	25 July 1968-28 January 1973	729th Tactical Airlift Squadron (later 729th Military Airlift Squadron)[1]

Campaign Streamer	Campaign	Dates	Notes
	Air Offensive, Europe	8 January 1944 – 5 June 1944	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Air Combat, EAME Theater	8 January 1944 – 11 May 1945	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Normandy	6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Northern France	25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Rhineland	15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Ardennes-Alsace	16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Central Europe	22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	CCF Intervention	3 November 1950 – 24 January 1951	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	1st UN Counteroffensive	25 January 1951 – 21 April 1951	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	CCF Spring Offensive	22 April 1951 – 9 July 1951	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	UN Summer-Fall Offensive	9 July 1951 – 27 November 1951	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Second Korean Winter	28 November 1951 – 30 April 1952	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Korea Summer-Fall 1952	1 May 1952 – 10 May 1952	729th Bombardment Squadron[1]

Notes

Explanatory notes

Citations

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

• Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
• Cantwell, Gerald T. (1997). Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946–1994. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 0-16049-269-6. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Endicott, Judy G., ed. (2001). The USAF in Korea, Campaigns, Units and Stations 1950-1953 (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Air Force Historical Research Agency. ISBN 0-16-050901-7. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
• Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
• Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force in World War II. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-1987-7.