2023 Brazilian Congress attack
Part of the 2022–2023 Brazilian election protests
The invasion of the National Congress
DateJanuary 8, 2023 (2023-01-08)
Location
Praça dos Três Poderes, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil

15°48′03″S 47°51′41″W / 15.80083°S 47.86139°W / -15.80083; -47.86139
Caused byFalse allegations of electoral fraud in the 2022 Brazilian general election promoted by former President Jair Bolsonaro and his allies[1]
Goals
Methods
Resulted in
  • Severe damage to the federal buildings, many art pieces stolen, damaged or vandalised.
  • Rioting suppressed, all three targeted buildings cleared
  • Arrest and detainment en masse of rioters by federal and state law enforcement authorities
  • Declaration by Lula of federal takeover of the Federal District for the remainder of January 2023
  • Suspension of Ibaneis Rocha as the governor of the Federal District for 90 days, by order of the Supreme Federal Court
Parties
Pro-Bolsonaro protesters
Lead figures

No known organized leadership

Number
~5,000[13]
Unknown
Casualties
Injuries84+ (40+ protesters and 44+ police officers)[14][15]
Arrested1,400+[16]
Damage$14.9 Million BRL

On 8 January 2023, following the defeat of then-president Jair Bolsonaro in the 2022 Brazilian general election and the inauguration of his successor Luis Inácio Lula da Silva, a mob of Bolsonaro's supporters attacked Brazil's federal government buildings in the capital, Brasília. The mob invaded and caused deliberate damage to the Supreme Federal Court, the National Congress building and the Planalto Presidential Palace in the Praça dos Três Poderes, seeking to violently overthrow the democratically elected president Lula, who had been inaugurated on 1 January. Many rioters said their purpose was to spur military leaders to launch a coup d'état and disrupt the democratic transition of power.[17][18][19][20]

At the time of the riots, neither Lula nor Bolsonaro was in Brasília: Lula was in Araraquara, a city in the interior of São Paulo, with the mayor Edinho Silva and ministers Luiz Marinho, Jader Filho and Waldez Goés, surveying the city after heavy rains in the municipality;[21] Bolsonaro was in Orlando, Florida, in the United States, where he had been since the last days of 2022, even before the end of his term.[22][23]

The attack occurred a week after Lula's inauguration and followed several weeks of unrest from Bolsonaro's supporters. It took more than five hours for the Brazilian security forces to clear all three buildings of the rioters, which happened at 21:00 BRT (UTC−03:00).[1][24] The storming of the government buildings drew swift condemnation from governments around the world.[25][26]

In response to the attack, at 18:00 BRT, Lula announced that he had signed a decree authorising a federal state of emergency in the Federal District through the end of January 2023.[27] The Congress was not in session at the time of the attacks,[28] but it swiftly ratified the declaration by 10 January.[29]

Background

During Bolsonaro's tenure as president of Brazil, his allies and supporters floated the idea of an assault like the United States Capitol attack of 6 January 2021 in the event he lost his re-election bid.[30] Bolsonaro supporters alleged that the 2022 Brazilian general election suffered from widespread electoral fraud that caused Bolsonaro's loss. They claimed electronic voting machine malfunctions and deemed some voting patterns suspicious, and mistrusted election officials. The military helped oversee the election and found no signs of fraud.[31] Supporters of Bolsonaro used social media to spread misinformation about supposed electoral fraud, further motivating the protesters.[32] Supporters of Bolsonaro were also inspired by other international events in 2022 that bolstered the far-right such as the Canada convoy protests, the elections of Bongbong Marcos in the Philippines and Giorgia Meloni in Italy.[33]

Some military reservists voiced support for a truckers' strike before the second round of elections, including Colonel Marcos Koury, who, on 16 October 2022, published a video encouraging a truckers' general strike before the second round.[34] Koury's video about the shutdowns was shared in several Pro-Bolsonaro groups on WhatsApp, Telegram, Facebook and other social media websites, and, days later, members of these same groups started defending roadblocks after the elections.[34] Calls for strikes were also made on YouTube, TikTok, Twitter and Instagram.[34]

Trucker protests lost strength on 3 November 2022,[35][36][37] and Bolsonaro supporters began to gather in the vicinity of Brazilian Armed Forces facilities. Demonstrations took place at military installations in the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Florianópolis, Recife, Salvador, and other cities and regions. In Brasília, a group had camped in front of the Army Headquarters, demanding that the Armed Forces carry out a military coup; in January, Lula's government attempted to remove these protesters and, when this failed, ordered reinforced security. That week, the minister of justice also reiterated that the camps would be dismantled.[38]

Protest camp in front of the Brazilian Army's barracks in Ilhéus, Bahia.

The electoral victory of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Lula) was officially ratified by the Superior Electoral Court on 12 December 2022.[39][40] Militant far-right Bolsonaro supporters stormed the Federal Police headquarters in Brasília and torched vehicles on the street after one of the protesters was arrested for inciting violence to prevent Lula's swearing-in. The police used stun grenades and tear gas to disperse them.[41][42] A bombing attempt near Brasília International Airport was prevented by the police on 23 December; the suspect was arrested a day later. According to his testimony, he was motivated by Bolsonaro casting doubts on the integrity of the election process in the past.[43][44] Other attempted attacks were carried out by Bolsonaro supporters after the election and during the beginning of Lula's government, including the case of a man who was arrested while attempting to enter the ministries' esplanade carrying a knife and an explosive device (presumably fireworks) during Lula's inauguration.[45]

Planning, inciting and financing

On 2 January 2023, former Bolsonaro minister Anderson Torres was appointed as chief security officer of the Federal District by the reelected governor Ibaneis Rocha. Then, on the following day, Torres changed the command of the intelligence and special operations team of the department, including the undersecretary of the Undersecretariat of Intelligence George Estefani and Chief of the Federal Police Milton Rodrigues. Those who were dismissed had been monitoring the protests and had understanding of terrorism and experience in crisis management.[46][47][48] Torres then left Brazil on the night of 6 January for Orlando, Florida, United States, arriving there on 7 January, just hours before the attacks and one week after Bolsonaro had arrived in Orlando.[49][50]

Reports of a planned attack were already circulating in the first week of 2023, with audios leaked from several WhatsApp and Telegram groups showing intent by pro-Bolsonaro groups to organize a "massive protest" in Brasília, provoke violent actions by the crowd, circumvent police action, and possibly incite a military coup d'etat.[51][52][53] Several groups and communities from throughout the country arranged for transport by bus to Brasília to participate in the demonstrations.[54] Many social media websites (such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and TikTok) did not moderate misleading claims about the election, meaning that people who used these sites to find information about the election were presented with these misleading claims.[55] Before the attack, plans for protests in Brasília were referred to as "Selma's Party", a code phrase used on social media to discuss plans without arousing suspicion. Variants on the phrase were used to discuss planned riots in other cities.[56]

Members of the federal cabinet were aware of the rioters' plans, but were assured by Rocha and Torres of the situation being under control. The district government on 6 January planned to prevent the rioters from reaching the National Congress, and also closed access to its esplanade. However, Rocha changed the agreed-upon plans shortly before the protest and opened the esplanade to protesters. As a result, the security contingent which was present when the invasion began was easily overwhelmed. The plan had called for the deployment of more than 1,300 officers from the Civil and Military Polices, as well as about 200 officers of the National Public Security Force, but the actual number was far lower, which Rocha blamed on the public security secretary of Brasília, Anderson Torres.[57] Justice Minister Flávio Dino later said that Anderson Torres had rejected the deployment of the National Public Security Force and did not accept the plan which asked for deployment of reinforcements in the region before the protest.[13] O Estado de S. Paulo reported that the Planalto Military Command had rejected the need for reinforcements at the presidential palace.[58]

Anonymous government officials told The Washington Post the buses that transported Bolsonaro supporters to Brasília had been paid for by donors from ten states, including some involved in the agribusiness sector. Minister of Justice Flávio Dino stated that up to that point it had not been possible to "clearly distinguish" those responsible for financing the buses. He added: "What you can definitely say is that there was funding."[57][59][60] Dino later stated that the donors particularly belonged to the agribusiness sector and engaged in illegal activities.[61]

According to the Police, the rioters were prepared for the attack and appeared to know the location of key points in the buildings, such as the fire hydrants, according to Alan Diego dos Santos Rodrigues, which was arrested for the attempted bomb attack on the Brasília International Airport, many members of the military, both reserve and on-duty, took part in identifying and mapping the buildings, especially the congress.[62] The group was allegedly in Brasília since December, when they were on the protest camp in front of the Army Headquarters; The group, which were called "the red berets" by Alan, had been identified by the Brazilian Intelligence Agency as an "highly extremist, violent and anti democratic" group with the capability, ways and motivation to "gravely compromise the democratic state of law" and "plan, execute and incite violent attacks against authorities", including then president-elect Lula; the bulk of the group was made from members of military paratrooper divisions and was highly decentralized, with the members only sharing similar beliefs and no known leadership, the group was described as acting like mercenaries, having been paid for "services", such as making and delivering explosive devices to the airport in Brasília and mapping the installations of the National Congress, the Supreme Federal Court, as well as energy infrastructure in Brasília, possibly with the intention of carrying out terrorist attacks or assassinations, including against Lula and minister Alexandre de Moraes.[63]

Other people involved in planning and executing the attack, such as Symon Albino (known as "Patriot Symon"), Diego Dias Ventura and Ana Priscila Azevedo, are suspects of inciting the attacks and paying for buses which took the protesters from their cities to Brasília, Symon and Ana made videos and posts on Telegram channels before the attack asking for members to prepare and "not let communism take power", "collapse the system" and "take the power by force" in addition, Diego and Ana are allegedly close to the "red berets" group, having met with their members before the attack; Ana Priscila was the target of a operation by the Federal Police, ordered by Alexandre de Moraes, and is preemptively under arrest after she appeared in videos shared by her during the attack on the National Congress and Federal Supreme Court, while Diego was arrested by the Federal Police during another similar operation; member of the army reserve Marcelo Soares Correa (known as Cabo Correa), which was appointed as the leader of the "red berets" group and linked to many of the group's activities has not been found since, he was candidate for Federal Deputy for the Brazilian Woman's Party (PMB) in 2022, and had been detained before in 2016 for invading the National Congress during a protest asking for military intervention, he also allegedly took part on the march from the army headquarters to the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, and was reportedly heard saying that "pacifism has ended", which means, according to police, that he had the intention of invading the federal buildings.[64]

Events

External videos
News reports covering the timeline of the invasion
YouTube logo
via YouTube
video icon Brazil: how exactly the storming of government buildings unfolded (9 January 2023), by The Guardian
video icon 24 hours of terror: summary of the insurrectionist attack in Brasília (9 January 2023), by Metrópoles (in Portuguese)
video icon BBC Documentary | January 8: The day that shook brazil (5 July 2023), by BBC News (in Portuguese)

March to the Plaza and initial confrontations

On the morning of 7 January, more than 100 buses arrived in Brasília from all parts of Brazil, bringing in Bolsonaro supporters, joining the ~500 protesters camped in front of the Army Headquarters and raising the total number of people there to over 4,000.[65] On the morning of January 8, Defence Minister José Múcio visited the camp, he later said that the situation was "calm, for now."[66]

At around 13:00 BRT, the demonstrators marched from the Army Headquarters.[67][68] During the march, some people were detained in front of the Ministry of Defence building and the National Stadium, with police reporting that some protesters were armed; a car passing through the march was damaged by demonstrators, and the driver was attacked with sticks; one witness said that he heard a protester screaming "we are going to break everything!" A protester detained by police during the march said that the mob intended to invade the congress building.[69] As the protesters marched, military police escorted them, with an officer reportedly saying that they would "guarantee the security of those marching".[66]

By the afternoon, some demonstrators had reached the Three Powers Plaza, where around 100 people concentrated.[66] At around 15:00 BRT (UTC−03:00), protesters broke through Military Police and Special Operations Battalion (BOPE) barriers near the legislature building,[66][70] and, armed mainly with sticks and stones, confronted the military and riot police, who, while outnumbered, entered in physical confrontation with the rioters, using pepper spray in an attempt to disperse them.[67] Despite this, some members of the military police were caught being lenient with the attackers.[71]

Attack on the Congress building

Moment when rioters break down police barriers and invade the Three Powers Plaza

At around 15:10 BRT, the mob began attacking the National Congress building, where they again clashed with police; by 15:30 BRT, police began firing tear gas against the rioters as an effort to protect the buildings.[66] Senator Veneziano do Rêgo confirmed to CNN Brazil that protesters had managed to invade the Congress building; according to him, they reached the upper floor, where the domes of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies are located, as well as the Green Hall of the Chamber of Deputies.[72] Protesters attempted to extend a green and yellow banner over the building.[72] Some protestors among the mob were also seen with the flag of the Empire of Brazil.[73] Many rioters were praying and crying during the attack, while some were picking up stones from the ground, sometimes using pickaxes, to throw at the police.[74]

Inside of the Congress building, protesters clashed with the Legislative and Federal Senate Polices; videos show the heavily outnumbered officers engaging in combat with rioters, attempting to stop them from taking over and vandalizing the building, although the barrier is later broken, as rioters manage to take over and vandalize most of the upper part of the congress building.[75] At around 16:00, protesters broke through the glass in the Green Room of the congress building and clashed with around 60 Legislative Police officers in the Deputies' Chamber and Senate, throwing bombs, steel balls and water jets against the police barrier, which responded by throwing tear gas and pepper spray against the rioters.[76]

Invasion of the STF and Palácio do Planalto

The mob later climbed the ramp of the Congress building and reached the Supreme Federal Court building and the Palácio do Planalto, seat of executive power, creating a situation of chaos and widespread destruction. Videos showed rioters vandalizing and looting several parts of the buildings, as well as attacking police, with some chanting "Break everything!", "You have to break everything!".[67][77] Between 15:50 and 16:00, after several confrontations, the protesters managed to enter both buildings, where more vandalism (including destruction of artworks) and fighting ensued.[78] In the Supreme Federal Court building, police arrested 8 rioters that attempted to enter the offices inside the building, and protesters extended a Brazilian flag in the windows of the building in an attempt to protect against rubber bullets and stun grenades used by police.[66] Inside of the presidential palace, the mob clashed yet again with police, rioters vandalized and looted the building during the fighting, and several rooms were severely damaged, with some of the invaders being able to get into restricted areas of the building. A group of protesters attempted to enter President Lula's office, but were unable to enter and were barred by security — although videos later released by CNN Brazil show members of the Institutional Security Bureau being lenient with the invaders, with some being seen guiding them out of the building, and one official was even distributing water to the rioters; among those accused of leniency was then-secretary Marco Edson Gonçalves Dias, who can be seen in the videos calmly talking with protesters and guiding them out of the areas. No arrests were made by the bureau's security forces.[10] Dias later resigned from his office after criticism in relation to the alleged leniency.[11]

By 16:25 BRT, soldiers from the National Public Security Force reached the Ministries' Esplanade and began supporting the police forces present in the region;[66] a National Force vehicle was reportedly set on fire and pushed into the reflecting pool of the monument during the confrontations.[79] Soldiers from the Brazilian Army also responded, and two helicopters were used in an attempt to disperse the crowd.[12] At 16:25 BRT, Augusto Aras, Prosecutor-General of Brazil, asked the Prosecutor-General of the Federal District to open a criminal investigation.[66] By around 17:00 BRT, security forces had regained control of the Supreme Court building, though some rioters remained encamped in its parking garage.[80] At 17:08 BRT, the governor of the Federal District, Ibaneis Rocha, assured that he was "taking all measures to contain the anti-democratic riot in the Ministries' Esplanade"; in addition, he dismissed the secretary of security of the Federal District, Anderson Torres.[81][82][83] At 17:50 BRT, Lula announced that he had signed a decree authorising a federal public security intervention in Brasília, to continue until 31 January.[27] Lula also blamed Bolsonaro for the attack during an interview.[66]

Protesters invade the National Congress of Brazil

Lula invoked Article 34, Subheading III of the Federal Constitution, which empowers the government to put an end to a serious impairment of public order.[84] It was the third application of Article 34 of the 1988 Federal Constitution, which has previously been applied in Rio de Janeiro and Roraima during the Temer Government.[85] Ricardo Cappelli, executive secretary of the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, was appointed as intervenor.[86][87] The intervention relieved the Federal District governor, Ibaneis Rocha, of the authority to oversee security in the district,[88] and lasted until 31 January.[89]

Arrests and end of the riots

Protesters invading the Supreme Federal Court building

At 18:20 BRT, protesters reportedly set fire to the lawn in front of the National Congress,[66] Some time later, the Military Police of the Federal District (PMDF) reported it had begun to clear rioters out of the buildings.[90] Police began arresting rioters en masse in the ministries esplanade by 18:20 BRT.[66] The Brazilian Army arrived in military trucks in the late afternoon and ambushed the intruders in the presidential palace through the back door, the rioters had left the building by 18:30 BRT, with some being escorted out by the police.[1][91]

At 18:30 BRT, The Attorney General of the Union reported that it had filed a request for Torres's arrest.[66][83] By 19:00 BRT, over 150 people had been arrested by the security forces, at least 30 of them in flagrante delicto in the Federal Senate.[92][93] Security forces managed to retake the National Congress by evening, after mounted police arrived using batons to disperse protesters.[94] Justice Minister Flávio Dino announced by 21:00 BRT that all three buildings had been cleared.[1]

Rioters destroy the furniture of the Palácio do Planalto

Aftermath

Damage and theft

Painting and furniture damaged in the National Congress
Entrance to the Chamber of Deputies after the attack
Showcase desk by designer Sérgio Rodrigues destroyed during the invasion

A number of important spaces in the three stormed buildings were extensively vandalized and looted, including the Noble Hall and Plenary of the Federal Supreme Court, the Green, Blue and Black Halls and the lobby of the Congress, as well as the Noble Hall and the First Lady's office at the Planalto Palace. Many other spaces, such as corridors, windows, rooms and offices, were also vandalised, damaging a large amount of furniture, equipment and other objects.[95][96][97] Several spaces were completely destroyed.[98] According to an official, the invaders destroyed fire hydrants, in an attempt to prevent the fight against fires that existed at various points of the invasion.[99]

In addition to structural damage, several works of art, mainly paintings, vases and historical objects (such as chairs, clocks, carpets and tables) were damaged, stolen or destroyed during the attack[100][101][102] In the Planalto, the desk used by former president Juscelino Kubitschek was reported destroyed after it was used in a barricade, and As Mulatas, a painting by modernist Emiliano Di Cavalcanti, was stabbed repeatedly.[103] "A Justiça", a statue by Alfredo Ceschiatti, was sprayed with graffiti,[104] "Araguaia", a stained glass window by Marianne Peretti, was damaged,[99] "A Bailarina", sculpture by Victor Brecheret, was taken by a protester, but later found damaged on the ground,[105] and a clock made by Balthazar Martinot, which was given by the French court to John VI of Portugal, was thrown to the ground by a protester, who was later arrested by police.[106]

A soccer ball signed by Neymar was stolen by a protester, but it was later recovered by the Federal Police.[107] A golden shell with a pearl, which was a gift by Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister of Qatar, Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani, was taken by rioters, while a decoration in the shape of an ostrich egg, a gift by Ahmed Ibrahim El-Tahir, the President of the Sudanese National Assembly, was destroyed; two vases, given by Lászlo Kövér, President of the National Assembly of the Republic of Hungary, and Wang Zhaoguo, Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, to Marco Maia, President of the Chamber of Deputies, were also destroyed during the invasion.[108] A bust of Ruy Barbosa, as well as a carpet that was owned by Princess Isabel (and several other carpets, which were inundated by anti-fire systems), were also damaged by protesters.[109] Furniture brought from the Monroe Palace (such as desks and chairs) was damaged, as well as an inkwell (from the times of the Empire of Brazil), a Persian carpet,[110] and the chair used by Rosa Weber, designed by Jorge Zalszupin,[99]

Electronic devices – including laptops, phones, desktops, printers, photographic lens and televisions – were also damaged or stolen by protesters;[111] others, such as a copy of the original 1988 constitution book and a Coat of arms of Brazil, were initially taken by the rioters, but were later found among the rubble in the building of the Supreme Federal Court, the coat of arms was damaged, but the copy of the constitution was found intact.[112][113] The offices of the Workers' Party and of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party in the Congress building were also invaded and vandalised by the mob.[114] Inside the STF building, the ministers' chairs and a Crucifix were taken and/or vandalized by the rioters, the office of Alexandre de Moraes was vandalized, its door was sprayed with graffiti, and his closet's door was taken by a protester; other offices inside the building were also vandalized, with some chairs and desks being taken by protesters to be used in barricades.[115][104] Rioters urinated and defecated in the press areas of the Congress building and Supreme Federal Court, as well as in the Planalto Palace.[116] Protesters also stole weapons, munitions and documents from the Cabinet of Institutional Security in the Planalto.[117][118] In an interview with CNN Brasil, Senator Randolfe Rodrigues said five abandoned grenades were found after the invasion, three of which were left at the Supreme Federal Court and two at the Congress complex.[119]

Attacks on journalists and photographers

Several journalists were attacked during the protests. Folha de São Paulo photographer Pedro Ladeira was attacked and robbed by rioters.[120] A journalist for Metrópoles was also attacked during the storming.[121] Journalists and photographers from BandNews, O Tempo, AFP and Reuters were also attacked, some were pushed to the ground and had their equipment stolen or damaged.[122] At least 10 journalists and photographers from different news outlets were attacked and/or robbed during the riot.[123]

Power sabotage

On 9 January 2023 (one day after the Brasilia attacks), three transmission towers in the states of Rondônia and Paraná (both of which are Bolsonaro's strongholds) were pulled down and cut off of Brazil's power grid. In the most serious incident, one tower connecting Brazil's mega hydropower plant Itaipu to the country's grid was damaged by a tractor.[124] According to the Brazilian National Electricity watchdog (ANEEL), no storm or natural disaster happened in those areas to sustain a natural cause for the towers collapse, which raised suspicions among government officials that some acts of sabotage by Bolsonaro supporters were underway to knock out power.[125] An additional tower in the interior of São Paulo state was damaged on 13 January.[126][127] However, alternative towers were switched on and no effective power cut took place in all the incidents.[124]

During the attack, Minister of Justice and Public Security, Flávio Dino, announced in a press conference that approximately 200 people were arrested in flagrante delicto, and that new arrests were still being made; according to Dino, several buses to Brasília, and their financiers, had been investigated and identified.[128] Federal District governor, Ibaneis Rocha, in a publication on a social network, stated that more than 400 people had been arrested.[129] Among those arrested before and during the attack, some were carrying knives, machetes, stilettos, scissors, pocket knives, slingshots with marbles and tin spheres, stakes, cloth soaked with vinegar (for use against tear gas and pepper spray), and even explosives (such as grenades), material for making molotov cocktails, blowtorches and fireworks, among others; some also used balaclavas, gas masks, gloves, ski masks, and protective equipment, possibly as an effort to hide their identities.[130][69][66]

After the federal buildings were retaken, Justice of the Supreme Court Alexandre de Moraes suspended governor of the Federal District Ibaneis Rocha for 90 days, due to the shortcomings in security preparedness. He also ordered clearing of camps set up by protesters outside military bases within 24 hours, clearing of all roads and buildings occupied by them, and removal of all anti-democratic posts by Bolsonaro supporters from Facebook, Twitter and TikTok.[131]

The police started clearing the protest camps near army bases throughout the country on 9 January.[132] Soldiers backed by the police dismantled a camp outside the army headquarters in Brasília, which had been used as a base by those who had attacked the Three Powers Plaza, they detained around 1,200 people there;[133][16] An earlier attempt by federal government officials to arrest suspects involved in the attack at the camp on the night of 8 January was blocked by the Brazilian Army commander Júlio Cesar de Arruda.[61]

The total number of those arrested by 9 January was 1,418, with 222 detained in the Praça dos Três Poderes and 1,196 in the camp set up in front of the Army Headquarters, according to the National Justice Council (CNJ); many of those arrested were taken to the Papuda Penitentiary Complex and the "Hive" women's penitentiary, of the total prisoners, 599 (mostly elderly, homeless people, people with physical or mental problems and mothers accompanied by children) were later released on humanitarian grounds.[134] Arrest warrants for around 50 people allegedly involved in the invasion were issued, according to Justice Minister Flávio Dino.[135] As of March 2023, 2,182 people have been arrested for participation or connection to the attack.[136] The federal government estimated that around 5,000 people had taken part.[13]

The Supreme Federal Court (STF) created a task force to carry out the hearings, which will be held by federal judges and those of the Federal District Court of Justice and sent to Minister Alexandre de Moraes, who will decide on maintaining the prisons; Earlier, the Federal Public Defender's Office (DPU) defended the release of "hyper-vulnerable" people and the replacement of prison with precautionary measures, such as a ban on leaving the states of origin, on attending barracks and military units, on using social networks and to maintain contact with other demonstrators who are not related.[134]

If the necessary evidence is gathered, those involved may be charged with one or more crimes, including, but not limited to: prevarication (for authorities and public security officials), disobedience (for authorities and servants in charge of public safety), crimes against democracy (such as attempted overthrow of a legitimately constituted government, also commonly known as Coup d'etat, and attempted violent abolition of the rule of law), terrorism (including preparatory acts), criminal association, public incitement to commit a crime, persecution, intimidation, damage to private property, qualified damage (such as damage to public property, historical and artistic heritage and protected buildings) as well as offense to the bodily integrity or health of others; people who were not present but participated in organizing, financing, instigating and collaborating in other ways, with proof of a causal contribution, will also be framed for the same crimes; In case of conviction for more than one crime, the sentences can be added together and reach 30 years in prison.[137][138][139]

On 10 January, Moraes issued arrest warrants for the former public security secretary of Brasília Anderson Torres, and the Federal District Military Police chief, Fabio Augusto Vieira.[140] The Justice Ministry stated that the police had found a draft presidential decree authorizing Bolsonaro to overturn the elections by implementing a "state of defense" on the Superior Electoral Court while searching the house of Torres.[141] His lawyer claimed that the draft was a proposal by civilians and was never submitted to Bolsonaro, while Torres stated that it was taken out of context and was going to be eventually shredded.[142] The National Congress meanwhile authorized Lula's decree for federal intervention in Brasília and Deputy Justice Minister Ricardo Cappelli's appointment to oversee it.[29][143]

President Lula announced a security review of officials posted at the presidential palace on 12 January. He said that he believed that doors had been deliberately left unlocked in the attack, and that no hardcore Bolsonaro supporter would be allowed to work in the building.[58] Moraes on 13 January agreed to include Bolsonaro as part of the investigation into the riots over him questioning the legitimacy of the elections on 10 January.[144] Torres was arrested on the following day after returning to Brasília.[145]

The office of the Prosecutor General of Brazil presented charges against the accused for the first time on 17 January, charging 39 people with armed criminal association, violent attempt to subvert the democratic state of law, staging a coup and damage to public property.[146] In an interview on 18 January, Lula blamed the intelligence services of the armed forces and the Brazilian Intelligence Agency for failing to alert him to the possibility of an attack.[147] He dismissed Arruda from the post of commander of the army on 21 January, replacing him with Tomás Miguel Ribeiro Paiva. Lula also changed some Federal and Federal Highway police regional commands following the invasion after allegations of omission by these agencies.[147]

On April 19, Institutional Security Bureau commander Gonçalves Dias, as well as other members of the agency, resigned following the release of images showing alleged leniency by the members during the invasion of the Planalto Palace, he was replaced by Ricardo Cappelli, which became interim commander, Cappelli soon dismissed several members of the Bureau which were accused of leniency with the attackers. Marcos Antonio Amaro dos Santos was later appointed by Lula on May 3rd as the commander of the GSI.[11]

As of October 2023, Brazil's Public Prosecutor's Office charged roughly 1,400 people with crimes such as vandalism against public property, participation in a criminal armed organization, insurrection, among other things.[148] Also as of October 2023, 20 of said people were convicted and sentenced to jail terms ranging from 12 to 17 years by the Supreme Court of Brazil, i.e.without any possibility of further appeal.[149][150]

Fines and damages

Since 9 January 2023 several lawsuits have been filed aiming to compensate and/or impose fines over the property damage caused by the attackers, and their financers. Over $14 million BRL (nearly $2 million USD) in public property were lost during the attacks according to the Attorney General of Brazil who has successfully asked to freeze 18.5 million BRL (approximately $3.5 million USD) from persons and companies who financed the perpetrators.[151][152]

Reactions

This section is an excerpt from Reactions to the 2023 Brazilian Congress attack.[edit]
Many journalists compared the events of the 2023 Brazilian Congress attack to the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[153][154] Several newspapers, including O Globo, Veja, and Folha de S.Paulo, characterised what happened as terrorism.[155][156][157] O Estado de S. Paulo and El Mundo described the event as an attempted coup d'état.[158][159] On 9 January, tens of thousands of people attended rallies against the rioters in many Brazilian cities.[160] Supreme Federal Court considered the attacks as terrorist acts.[161]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Nicas, Jack; Spigariol, André (8 January 2023). "Bolsonaro Supporters Lay Siege to Brazil's Capital". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  2. 1 2 Bowman, Emma (8 January 2023). "Security forces regain control after Bolsonaro supporters storm Brazil's Congress". NPR. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  3. ↑ "Supporters of Brazil's Bolsonaro storm Congress, Supreme Court and presidential palace". CBS News. 8 January 2023. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
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  5. ↑ "MPF abre investigação sobre omissão do comando da PM do DF durante invasões". noticias.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  6. ↑ "Assista pela 1ª vez vídeos dos ataques ao STF em 8 de Janeiro". MSN (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  7. ↑ "Câmeras identificam mais 23 suspeitos de invadir Senado durante atos de 8 de janeiro". br.noticias.yahoo.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 31 January 2023.
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  9. ↑ ananunes. "Governo fecha Esplanada e autoriza emprego da Força Nacional até segunda". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  10. 1 2 "Após vídeo, ministro do GSI pede afastamento durante investigações". UOL (in Portuguese). 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 "Após vídeos revelados pela CNN, Gonçalves Dias pede demissão do GSI". CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  12. 1 2 Spigariol, André (8 January 2023). "Dozens of Army soldiers entered the presidential offices..." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 Jack Nicas; Simon Romero (13 January 2023). "'We Will Die for Brazil': How a Far-Right Mob Tried to Oust Lula". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  14. ↑ "44 PMs do DF ficaram feridos em ataque bolsonarista, diz interventor | Metrópoles". www.metropoles.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  15. ↑ Roriz, Giulia; Schwingel, Samara (8 January 2023). "Hospital de Base recebe mais de 40 feridos durante atos bolsonaristas no DF" [Base Hospital received more than 40 wounded during terrorist acts in the DF: According to the Hospital de Base, six people were admitted in serious condition after the beginning of Bolsonarist acts. Two underwent surgery 01/08/2023]. Metrópoles (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  16. 1 2 "Moraes cita 'conduta gravíssima' e mantém 140 presos por ligação com atos de terror em Brasília". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 18 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
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  18. ↑ Rocha, Lucas. "Manifestantes furam bloqueio, entram na Esplanada e invadem o Congresso Nacional" [Protesters break through the blockade, enter the Esplanade and invade the National Congress]. CNN Brazil. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  19. ↑ "Bolsonaro supporters storm Brazilian Congress". BBC News. 8 January 2023. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  20. ↑ Araujo, Gabriel; Boadle, Anthony; McGeever, Jamie; McGeever, Jamie (9 January 2023). "Bolsonaro in hospital, 1,000 supporters detained after Brasilia riots". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  21. ↑ "Presidente Lula e ministros avaliam danos causados pela chuva em Araraquara". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  22. ↑ Marcelino, Ueslei (31 December 2022). "Brazil's Bolsonaro lands in Florida, avoiding Lula handover". Reuters. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  23. ↑ "Bolsonaro deixa o Brasil e viaja aos EUA no penúltimo dia do seu mandato [30/12/2022]". noticias.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 31 January 2023.
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  25. ↑ "World leaders condemn Brazil violence as US lawmakers call for Bolsonaro extradition". the Guardian. 9 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
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  27. 1 2 "Lula decreta intervenção federal na segurança do DF e diz que terroristas serão punidos" [Lula decrees federal intervention in the security of the DF and says that terrorists will be punished]. CartaCapital (in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 January 2023. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023.
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  34. 1 2 3 Bruno Fonseca; Tai Nalon (1 November 2022). "Influenciadores já articulavam bloqueios de estradas no Telegram e no YouTube antes do 2º turno" [Influencers were already articulating blocking the streets on Telegram and YouTube before the 2nd round]. Aos Fatos (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  35. ↑ "Protestos de bolsonaristas perdem força e rodovias no Vale e região estão sem bloqueios nesta quinta" [Bolsonaristas protests lose strength and highways in the Valley and region are without blockages this Thursday.]. G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 3 November 2022. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  36. ↑ "Estados com bloqueios golpistas em rodovias caem para 11;" [States with coup blockades on highways drop to 11;]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2 November 2022. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
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  39. ↑ "Lula Cries, Mentions God and Highlights Defense of Democracy at His Diplomation". Folha de S. Paulo (English edition). 13 December 2022. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
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  138. ↑ "Invasores bolsonaristas podem pegar mais de 15 anos de prisão, dizem criminalistas". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  139. ↑ altoastral. "Terrorismo e mais: crimes que bolsonaristas podem responder por invasão aos Três Poderes". Terra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  140. ↑ "Lula government braces for new protests in Brazil". Reuters. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  141. ↑ "Brazil police find draft decree intended to overturn election result in former Bolsonaro minister's home". CNN. CNN. 13 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  142. ↑ Lucas Berti (12 January 2023). "Report: Bolsonaro's former minister found with draft of putschist decree". The Brazilian Report. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  143. ↑ "Brazilian President Lula criticizes police for protesters' breach of government buildings". CNN. 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  144. ↑ "Brazil Supreme Court includes Jair Bolsonaro in riot probe". BBC. 14 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  145. ↑ Malu Cursino (14 January 2023). "Brazil riots: Brasília's ex-security chief arrested on return to city". BBC. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  146. ↑ "Brazilian rioters charged over storming of congress as new president sacks 'complicit' military troops". ABC News. 17 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  147. 1 2 "Lula demite comandante do Exército". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  148. ↑ "Supremo chega a 12 condenados por atos golpistas de 8 de janeiro". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 18 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  149. ↑ "Mais oito réus são condenados pelo STF por atos de 8 de janeiro". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  150. ↑ "STF condena primeiro réu do 8 de janeiro a 17 anos de prisão". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 14 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  151. ↑ "Valor bloqueado de financiadores golpistas sobe para R$ 18,5 milhões". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  152. ↑ Brasil, Agência (18 January 2023). "AGU entrará com novas ações de ressarcimento por atos de 8 de janeiro". InfoMoney. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  153. ↑ "Protesters storm Brazil's Congress in support of former Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro". NBC News. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  154. ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro supporters storm Brazil's Congress". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  155. ↑ "Invasão da Esplanada: crimes pelos quais terroristas bolsonaristas podem ser enquadrados". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  156. ↑ "Terroristas invadiram Congresso com máscaras, capacetes e suprimentos". noticias.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  157. ↑ "Vídeo: terroristas bolsonaristas atacam policial mulher na frente do STF | Radar". VEJA (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  158. ↑ "O Estado de S. Paulo – Today's Front Page". FrontPages.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  159. ↑ "Prima Pagina 'El Mundo'". Giornalone (in Italian). Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  160. ↑ Katy Watson; Jaroslav Lukiv (10 January 2023). "Brazil Congress: Big pro-democracy rallies held to condemn rioters". BBC. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  161. ↑ "Por que invasões em Brasília são consideradas atos terroristas pelo STF". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 14 September 2023.
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