The Gaza Strip is experiencing an humanitarian crisis as a result of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[1][2] At the start of the war, Israel implemented a complete blockade on the Gaza Strip, which has resulted in significant shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and essential medical supplies.[1][3] This siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability, impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting down the desalination plants that provide drinking water.[4] Widespread disease outbreaks have spread across Gaza.[2]
Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic damage to Gaza’s infrastructure, further deepening the crisis.[5] By mid-November, Israel had dropped the equivalent of two nuclear bombs on Gaza.[6] The Gaza Health Ministry reported over 4,000 children killed in the war's first month.[7] UN Secretary General António Guterres stated Gaza had "become a graveyard for children."[lower-alpha 1][10][11]
Organizations such as Doctors Without Borders, the Red Cross, and a joint statement by UNICEF, the World Health Organization, the UN Development Programme, United Nations Population Fund, and World Food Programme have warned of a dire humanitarian collapse.[12][13][14] On November 8, UN Human Rights chief Volker Turk described the Rafah Crossing as "gates to a living nightmare."[15]
Food and water
Food
On 18 October, Alia Zaki, a spokesperson for the World Food Programme stated that "people are at the risk of starvation".[18] On the same day, an Israeli airstrike destroyed a bakery in the Nuseirat Camp, killing four bakers.[18] On X, journalist Refaat Alareer wrote the bakery was one of the last in the central and southern Gaza Strip.[19] On 19 October, several bakeries were reportedly hit by Israeli airstrikes, making it even harder for residents to find food.[20] On 21 October, the UN released a statement saying food stocks were "nearly exhausted".[21] Cindy McCain, executive director of the UN World Food Programme, stated people were "literally starving to death as we speak".[22]
By 24 October, many bakeries had reportedly closed down, while those still open had hours-long lines.[23] On 27 October, a spokesperson for the World Food Programme stated food and other basic supplies were "running out".[24] By 28 October Israeli airstrikes had destroyed a fifth of the bakeries operating in the Strip.[25][26] On 1 November, Israel bombed one of the last remaining bakeries in Gaza City.[27] On 2 November, UNOCHA stated more than half of all bakeries in Gaza had been destroyed.[28] On 3 November, UN officials stated the average Gazan diet consisted of only two pieces of bread per day.[29] On 8 November, UNOCHA stated northern Gaza no longer had any functioning bakeries.[30] ActionAid stated more than half a million Gazans faced death by starvation.[31] On 11 November, Corinne Fleischer, Middle East regional director of the World Food Programme, stated, "hundreds of people are queueing for hours every day to get bread rations at bakeries," as people were being pushed "closer to starvation."[32]
Cindy McCain stated on 17 November that civilians faced the immediate possibility of starvation.[33] Ten days later, McCain stated Gaza was on the brink of famine.[34] Begging for food became the "new norm."[35] On 7 December, the WFP stated 97% of households had inadequate food consumption and 83% in southern Gaza were surviving through "extreme consumption strategies."[36] By 10 December, the UN, international aid organizations, and relief workers in Gaza warned of mass starvation.[37] A representative for Medical Aid for Palestinians stated, "The hunger wars have started."[38] On 15 December, the United Nations estimated nine out of ten residents were not eating food every day.[39] On 18 December, HRW accused Israel of "using starvation of civilians as a method of warfare in the occupied Gaza Strip".[40]
On 20 December, the United Nations stated people in Gaza were experiencing "alarming levels of hunger never before witnessed in Gaza".[41] On 21 December, the United Nations stated more than half a million people in the Gaza Strip were starving.[42] An Integrated Food Security Phase Classification report placed the entire population of Gaza at IPC Phase 3 or above (Crisis or worse) with 79 percent in Emergency (IPC Phase 4) or Catastrophe (IPC Phase 5).[43] On 22 December, UNICEF warned of the increasingly growing threat of famine in the Gaza Strip.[44] On 29 December, Mercy Corps stated half a million people faced "catastrophic hunger and starvation".[45] By 1 January 2024 ninety percent of Palestinians in Gaza regularly went without food.[46]
On 3 January 2024, Arif Husain, the chief economist at the World Food Programme, stated 80 percent of all people in the world experiencing famine or catastrophic hunger were in the Gaza Strip, stating, "In my life, I’ve never seen anything like this in terms of severity".[47] Food prices rose in Gaza as food stock ran out.[48] On 9 January, Gisha reported that only 6,000 aid trucks had entered Gaza since 7 October, the equivalent of twelve days of aid before the conflict's start.[49] Experts warned that the famine in the Gaza Strip was the worst instance of man-made starvation in nearly 100 years.[50] On 14 January, Philippe Lazzarini stated, "Whenever you go to a school, the kids are looking at your eyes begging for a sip of water or a loaf of bread."[51] Antonio Guterres stated, "The long shadow of starvation is stalking the people of Gaza".[52]
Water supply
Before the war Gaza purchased a small share of its water from Israel (6% in 2021).[53] Israel's blockade of water pipelines exacerbated water supply issues in the Gaza Strip, which already had a near lack of fit-to-drink aquifers.[54] On 12 October, the United Nations said that Israeli actions had caused water shortages affecting 650,000 people.[55] On 14 October, UNRWA announced Gaza no longer had clean drinking water, and two million people were at risk of death.[56][57]
On 15 October, Israel agreed to resume water supply, but only in southern Gaza.[58] Because Gaza's water pumps require electricity, the agreement did not ensure renewed water access.[59][60] On 16 October, Minister of Energy Israel Katz said that water was available near southern Khan Younis, but the Gaza Interior Ministry denied this.[61] By the same time, residents were drinking seawater and brackish water from farm wells, raising fears of waterborne diseases.[62][59] Doctors and hospital staff drank IV solution.[63]
By 17 October, the UN stated Gaza's last seawater desalination plant had shut down.[64] The Guardian stated fears were growing people had begun to die from dehydration.[54] On 18 October, Israel announced it would not allow fuel to enter Gaza.[65] The UNRWA stated fuel was needed to resume water pump operations.[65] Some Gazans purchased water from private vendors who purified water with solar panels.[66] On 19 October, the UN reported Gazans were surviving on a daily average of three liters of water each.[67] The World Health Organization recommends a minimum of 50 to 100 liters per day.[64] On 22 October, the UN stated Gazans had resorted to drinking dirty water.[68] On 25 October, Oxfam announced Gaza had "virtually run out" of water.[69] On 29 October, Palestinian Water Authority chair Mazen Ghoneim stated the water shortage would be alleviated, as Israel reopened a second water pipeline.[70]
On 3 November, the UN stated many still relied on "brackish or saline ground water," if they were drinking any water at all.[29] On 6 November, OCHA stated continued water shortages were raising fears of dehydration.[71] UNRWA announced on 15 November that due to the lack of fuel, 70 percent of Gaza would no longer have access to clean water.[72] On 17 November, Oxfam stated Gaza's water supply was at seventeen percent of its pre-siege capacity.[73] On 27 November, residents in northern Gaza received their first aid delivery of clean water since the war began.[74] Doctors Without Borders stated on 18 December the water system in Gaza had collapsed.[75] UNICEF reported children in southern Gaza were receiving 1.5 liters of water a day, while the minimum amount for survival is 3 liters per day.[76]
On 13 December, Israel began pumping seawater into tunnels reportedly used by Hamas.[77] Experts warned this would irreversibly damage Gaza's water aquifers and clearwater supply.[78]
Disease
Physical health and disease
World Health Organization @WHO As deaths and injuries in Gaza continue to rise due to intensified hostilities, intense overcrowding and disrupted health, water, and sanitation systems pose an added danger: the rapid spread of infectious diseases.
November 8, 2023[79]
Public health experts warned of the outbreak and spread of disease in Gaza. According to Oxfam and the United Nations, Gaza's lack of clean water and sanitation would trigger a rise in cholera and other deadly infectious diseases.[80] Oxfam stated Gaza's sewage pumping stations and wastewater treatment facilities had ceased operations, so the buildup of solid waste and unburied bodies were likely vectors of disease.[80] Due to the lack of clean drinking water, Gaza residents were drinking water contaminated with sewage, seawater, and farm water, another major source of disease.[80] Richard Brennan, regional emergency director at WHO, stated, "The conditions are ripe for the spread of a number of diarrhoeal and skin disease".[80]
Doctors also warned of overcrowded conditions at schools and hospitals. Dr. Nahed Abu Taaema stated overcrowded shelters were "a prime breeding ground for disease to spread".[81] Abu Taaema reported a rise in rashes, lung infections, and stomach issues.[81] On 24 October, the Gaza Health Ministry recorded 3,150 cases of disease from drinking contaminated water, mostly among children.[82] The lack of medical supplies was another reported issue, as the World Health Organization reported a sanitation crisis in hospitals, with some struggling to sanitize surgical equipment.[83] Dr. Iyad Issa Abu Zaher stated, "The outbreak of disease is inevitable".[84] UNRWA schools, where an estimated 600,000 Gazans were sheltering, reported outbreaks of scabies and chicken pox, as well as a lack of basic hygiene for women menstruating.[85] On 27 October, Action Against Hunger warned people were developing kidney failure due to the consumption of salt water and dehydration.[86]
On 6 November, OCHA stated individuals with disabilities were suffering disproportionately due to the lack of accommodations in most shelters.[87] UNRWA announced cases of respiratory infections, diarrhoea and chicken pox had been reported at its shelters.[88] On 10 November, WHO stated infectious diseases, including diarrhea and chickenpox, were soaring across the Gaza Strip.[89] OCHA stated accumulated waste in the streets risked the spread of airborne diseases and infestations of insects and rats.[90] Doctors reported that due to a lack of fresh water and iodine, patients wounds were often infested with maggots.[91]
Raw sewage overflowed in the streets, creating a health and environmental disaster.[92] On 8 November, the World Health Organization stated that since the start of the conflict, 33,551 cases of diarrhea had been reported, 8,944 cases of scabies and lice, 1,005 cases of chickenpox, 12,635 cases of skin rash and 54,866 cases of upper respiratory infections.[93] On 17 November, WHO updated these numbers, stating there were 70,000 cases of acute respiratory infections and over 44,000 cases of diarrhea, which were significantly higher than expected.[94] UNICEF warned the worsening sanitation situation threatened a mass disease outbreak.[95]
On 28 November, WHO stated more Palestinians risked dying from disease than bombings.[96] UNRWA chief Philippe Lazzarini warned of an impending humanitarian "tsunami" as people succumbed to disease and the deprivation of sanitation and clean water.[97] A Hepatitis A outbreak was reported by the United Nations on 3 December.[98] The UN reported disease outbreaks in southern Gaza shelters.[99] Volker Türk warned of unsanitary conditions amidst mass displacement in southern Gaza.[100] On 7 December, the World Health Organization reported increases in acute respiratory infections, scabies, jaundice, and diarrhea.[101] On 13 December, 360,000 cases of infectious diseases were reported in shelters.[102] On 20 December, WHO reported Gaza was experiencing "soaring rates of infectious disease outbreaks".[103]
On 29 December, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus reported 180,000 cases of upper respiratory infections, 136,400 cases of diarrhoea, 55,400 cases of lice and scabies, 5,330 cases of chickenpox, 42,700 cases of skin rash, and 4,722 cases of impetigo.[104] Flooding in Gaza spread sewage water, raising fears of the spread of disease.[105][106]
Psychological health
Weeks of continuous air strikes and explosions have contributed to the psychological destruction of children in Gaza. Following 16 days of bombardment, children developed severe trauma, with symptoms including convulsion, aggression, bed-wetting, and nervousness. 90% of children in pediatric hospitals in Gaza exhibited or reported symptoms of anxiety, the majority exhibited post-traumatic stress symptoms, and 82% reported fears of imminent death.[107] On 6 November, UNICEF spokesman Toby Fricker warned of the psychological impacts and "massive stress" experienced by children in Gaza.[108] On 17 November, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated 20,000 people were in need of specialized mental health services.[109] On 9 January, OCHA reported 485,000 people with mental health issues were experiencing care disruption.[110]
Healthcare
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The healthcare system of Gaza faced several humanitarian crises as a result of the conflict. Due to Israel's siege, hospitals faced a lack of fuel and relied on backup generators for the first two weeks of the war.[111] By 23 October, Gaza hospitals began shutting down as they ran out of fuel, starting with the Indonesia Hospital.[112] When hospitals lost power completely, multiple premature babies in NICUs died.[113][114] Numerous medical staffers were killed by Israeli airstrikes, and ambulances, health institutions, medical headquarters, and multiple hospitals were destroyed.[115] The Medecins Sans Frontieres said scores of ambulances and medical facilities were damaged or destroyed.[116][117] By late-October, the Gaza Health Ministry stated the healthcare system had "totally collapsed".[118]
By 5 January 2024, the World Health Organization reported there had been 304 attacks on healthcare facilities in Gaza since 7 October, with 606 deaths.[119]
Supplies shortages
Following the shutdown of the Gaza Strip power station on 11 October, it was reported that hospitals in Gaza would soon run out of available fuel to power generators.[120] The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital faced a dialysis crisis, with hundreds sharing only 24 dialysis machines.[84] WHO announced it could no longer resupply al-Shifa and al-Quds hospitals due to the high levels of risk.[121] On 1 November, the director of the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital stated Gaza's only cancer hospital was "completely out of service" after it ran out of fuel to power its generator.[122]
On 2 November, the Indonesia Hospital announced its main generator was no longer operational.[123] On 3 November, the Health Ministry stated 12 cancer patients had died after the Turkish Hospital shut down.[124] On 4 November, the generators at Kamal Adwan Hospital shut down.[125] As of 5 November, nearly half of all hospitals were out of service due to shortages of fuel and power, and amputations and C-sections were performed without anesthetic due to shortages of supplies.[126]
On 8 November, Al-Quds completely ran out of fuel and shut down most services.[127] The Ministry of Health stated Israel cut off Indonesia Hospital's electricity, water, and communication.[128] On 13 November, Kamal Adwan Hospital ran out of fuel.[129] The al-Amal Hospital's only generator shut down.[130]
On 6 December, Doctors Without Borders stated fuel and medical supplies at al-Aqsa hospital were critically low.[131][132] Doctors at Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis described a lack of supplies and barely any medical functionality.[133]
Attacks and destruction
Doctors Without Borders @MSF_canada "We're on the fourth floor, there's a sniper who attacked four patients inside the hospital. One of them has a gunshot wound directly in his neck, and he is a quadriplegic [patient], and the other one [was shot] in the abdomen."
November 11, 2023[134]
On 14 October, the Diagnostic Cancer Treatment Centre of the Al-Ahli Arab Hospital was partially destroyed by Israeli rocket fire.[135] In a statement on 15 October, the World Health Organization stated four hospitals were no longer functioning after being targeted by Israeli airstrikes.[136] On 17 October, a widely condemned explosion in the al-Ahli courtyard resulted in significant fatalities.[137]
On 30 October, the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital was severely damaged by an Israeli airstrike.[138] The Gaza Health Ministry stated the maternity ward at the Al-Helou International Hospital was hit by an Israeli bombardment.[139]
Al-Quds and Indonesia Hospital were both also hit by strikes.[140] The entrance of the al-Nasser Children's Hospital was hit by an Israeli strike.[141] On 9 November, the Gaza government media office stated Israel had bombed eight hospitals in the past three days.[142][143]
Israeli tanks surrounded four hospitals, al-Rantisi Hospital, al-Nasr Hospital, and the eye and mental health hospitals, from all directions.[144] The Nasser Rantissi paediatric cancer hospital caught on fire after being hit by an Israeli airstrike and began evacuations.[145][146] At least three hospitals were hit by Israeli airstrikes, leading the director of the Al-Shifa hospital to state, "Israel is now launching a war on Gaza City hospitals."[147] The strikes resulted in multiple casualties.[148] The Palestinian Red Crescent claimed Israeli snipers opened fire on children at al-Quds hospital, killing one and wounding 28.[149][150][151]
On 20 November, Israel launched an offensive on Indonesia Hospital with an airstrike that reportedly killed 12 people.[152] Following the strike, Israeli tanks surrounded the hospital.[153][154] Staff at the hospital reported Israeli soldiers shooting inside the hospital indiscriminately.[155][156][lower-alpha 2] Four doctors were reported killed after Israel bombed al-Awda Hospital on 22 November.[161] The Kamal Adwan hospital stated Israeli bombings increased around the hospital.[162] Two Red Crescent paramedics were wounded by gunfire from the Israeli military.[163]
On 25 November, the director general of the Ministry of Health stated the Israeli military shot at medical teams during the temporary ceasefire in effect.[164] Doctors Without Borders stated al-Awda hospital had been damaged in an Israeli bombing.[165] On 9 December, WHO stated two health staff had been shot and killed by the IDF at Al Awda Hospital, besieged since 5 December.[166] The director of the European Hospital stated its paramedics had been wounded in Israeli airstrikes.[167] On 11 December, MSF stated one of its doctors inside Al Awda Hospital had been injured by an Israeli sniper.[168]
Al-Shifa Hospital
In early November, Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza experienced a surge in Israeli attacks, with the facility being bombed five times in a 24-hour period.[169][170] An Israeli drone missile destroyed a medical convoy in front of the hospital,[171] and on November 6, Israel targeted the hospital's solar panels.[172] Doctors Without Borders reported a dramatic intensification of Israeli attacks on November 11, leading to power loss, sniper killings of staff, and the hospital being shelled and catching fire.[173][174] Families attempting to leave the complex were reportedly shot and killed.[175][lower-alpha 3]
Physicians for Human Rights documented the deaths of two premature babies at Al-Shifa due to electricity shortages.[177] IDF spokesperson Daniel Hagari pledged assistance in evacuating babies, but the Gaza Health Ministry asserted a lack of provided mechanisms.[178][179] On November 12, the hospital's director-general stated that 650 patients at Al-Shifa were in danger due to the catastrophic situation, including the destruction of the cardiac ward.[180][181]
Doctors Without Borders reported dire conditions at Al-Shifa Hospital, citing a lack of essentials like food, water, and electricity, with reports of a sniper targeting patients.[182] Israel's raid on the hospital on 15 November was described as an unimaginable nightmare.[lower-alpha 4] Witnesses stated that Israel did not provide aid or supplies.[185][186] The hospital faced challenges, including decomposing bodies and maggot-infested wounds, due to a lack of essential resources.[187][188]
Amid deteriorating conditions, an evacuation of Al-Shifa began on November 18.[lower-alpha 5][190] Ismail al-Thawabta, a Palestinian media office spokesperson, asserted that patients moved to other facilities faced a perilous fate.[191] ActionAid characterized the evacuation as a death sentence.[192] Concerns were raised about the adequacy of aid. The World Health Organization and the Palestinian Red Crescent participated in evacuation plans, aiming to transfer patients to alternative medical facilities.
The hospital stated six doctors would remain behind with 120 patients too sick to be transferred.[193] A humanitarian team from the World Health Organization visited al-Shifa and found a lack of food, water, or medicine, with signs of gunfire and a mass grave.[194] The director of al-Shifa said people were only given one hour to evacuate, stating, "we were forced to leave at gunpoint."[195][196] WHO stated 25 health workers and 291 patients, including 32 babies remained at al-Shifa.[197]
On 19 November, the premature babies at al-Shifa were evacuated to southern Gaza, where they were planned to be moved to Egypt the following day.[198] The World Health Organization stated it was planning missions to transport the remaining al-Shifa patients to Nasser Medical Complex and European Gaza Hospital in the next 2-3 days.[199]
Staff at Al-Shifa stated 50 patients, including infants, had died due to power and oxygen shortages.[200] The director of Al-Shifa stated Israel's claim to provide incubators to premature babies was false.[201] On 22 November, the Palestinian Red Crescent stated fourteen ambulances had arrived at al-Shifa to evacuate the hospital's remaining patients.[202]
On 26 November, the conditions for remaining patients at al-Shifa were reportedly dire.[203] On 27 November, the Ministry of Health reported a volunteer effort at al-Shifa hospital sought to restart the dialysis department.[204] By 28 November, the dialysis unit was reportedly reopened and receiving patients.[205][206] On 7 December, the Gaza Health Ministry stated only basic first aid was being delivered at Al-Shifa Hospital.[207]
Kamal Adwan Hospital
On 3 December, the IDF bombed the Kamal Adwan hospital, killing at least four people.[208] Attacks in the vicinity of Kamal Adwan hospital were reported on 5 December.[209] The director of Kamal Adwan Hospital stated Israel had killed two mothers and their newborn babies when Israel targeted its maternity ward.[210] The UN confirmed the killings.[211] Israel raided the Kamal Adwan Hospital.[212][213] In response, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated WHO was extremely worried for Kamal Adwan's medical staff.[214]
Al-Aqsa Hospital
Beginning on 6 January, doctors at Shuhada al-Aqsa Hospital reported that Israeli fire was nearing the hospital. Tens of thousands of people were reported to be sheltering at the hospital.[215] British doctor Nick Maynard stated his medical team was forced to evacuate the hospital as Israeli troops attacked the hospital.[216] Medical Aid for Palestinians and the International Rescue Committee both also evacuated their medical teams when the IDF dropped leaflets telling nearby residents they were in a "dangerous combat zone."[217][218] Following a visit to the hospital, the World Health Organization found 70% of staff and many patients had fled.[219] Doctors reported many patients who were physically unable to move, and that conditions were rapidly deteriorating, with one doctor stating, "A child came in alive, literally burnt to the bone, their hands were contracting. Their face was just charcoal, and they were alive and talking. And we had no morphine."[218][220]
In an interview with NPR on 10 January, one American doctor described the situation at Al-Aqsa as the "stuff of nightmares".[221] Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the World Health Organization chief, stated, "Three months into this conflict, it is inconceivable that this most essential need — the protection of health care — is not assured."[222] Health professionals and doctors warned of the danger of Al-Aqsa's closure since it was the last remaining hospital in the entirety of central Gaza.[223] On 13 January, the hospital ran out of fuel to power its generators, leading to a blackout that threatened patients.[224]
Evacuation challenges
On 14 October, Israel ordered the evacuation of 22 hospitals in northern Gaza. The WHO described the order as a "death sentence" for the sick and wounded.[225] Doctors across northern Gaza stated they were unable to follow Israel's evacuation order, since their patients, including newborns in the ICU, would die.[226] Doctors at al-Quds Hospital and the Palestine Red Crescent reported they received a call from the Israeli army to evacuate the hospital or "bear the consequences".[227][228]
On 29 October, the Palestinian Red Crescent reported that it had received warnings from Israeli authorities to immediately evacuate al-Quds hospital as it was “going to be bombarded”.[229] That day, an Israeli airstrike struck 20 metres (65 feet) from the hospital.[230] Mai al-Kaila, the Palestinian Minister of Health, stated the Israeli army was not evacuating patients, but rather "forcibly evicting the wounded and patients onto the streets, leaving them to face inevitable death."[231] The director of the Nasr Hospital stated it had been evacuated under threat of Israeli weapons and tanks.[232] Fighting near Al-Quds Hospital halted evacuation efforts.[233]
On 21 November, the World Health Organization stated three hospitals in northern Gaza would be evacuated, meaning there would be no functioning hospitals left in northern Gaza.[234] On 23 November, four patients died in the transfer from northern Gaza to the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital.[235] The Red Cross reported its staff were shot at while providing humanitarian support.[236] The Gaza Health Ministry announced it would cease coordination with the WHO on patient evacuations following the Israeli arrest of Palestinian doctors.[237][lower-alpha 6] Staff at the Indonesia Hospital were reportedly ordered by the IDF to evacuate.[239] The head of the Medical Emergency Rescue Committee stated patients and staff at the Indonesia Hospital were evacuated to the European Hospital in Khan Younis.[240] Hospitals in northern Gaza, including al-Ahli Arab Hospital, were evacuated by the World Health Organization and the Red Cross.[241][242]
The Health Ministry stated hundreds needed to be evacuated from Gaza to receive medical care.[243] A spokesman for the Gaza crossing authority stated the Rafah crossing remained opened for the evacuation of the sick and wounded.[244] On 7 December, the Palestinian Red Crescent stated 60 percent of the wounded in Gaza required urgent medical treatment abroad.[245] Doctors Without Borders stated on 10 December stated that the Israeli army had forced them to evacuate the Martyrs and Beni Shueila clinics, and that healthcare had completely collapsed.[246]
International aid
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus @DrTedros Patients were receiving care on the floor, screaming in pain. These conditions are beyond inadequate - unimaginable for the provision of health care. I cannot find words strong enough to express our concern over what we’re witnessing.
December 2, 2023[247]
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The Red Cross stated Gaza's entire health system was "on its knees".[248] Medical Aid for Palestinians and UNICEF issued an "urgent warning" that 130 premature babies would die if fuel did not reach Gaza hospitals soon.[249][250] A UN statement signed by five major branches stated deaths could soon "skyrocket" from disease and "lack of healthcare".[21] On 23 October, the Indonesia Hospital ran out of fuel and completely lost power.[251] The World Health Organization warned 46 of Gaza's 72 healthcare facilities had stopped functioning.[252]
On 8 November, the Ministry of Defence of Italy announced it was sending a hospital ship to the coast of Gaza,[253][254] in order to guarantee Palestinian civilians access to health services, essential goods and medical drugs.[254] The ship, named Vulcano ("Volcano"),[254] initially had 170 staff members on board, 30 of whom trained for medical emergencies;[253][254] 28 more members between physicians, nurses and biologists were set to join the expedition in a later phase.[254][lower-alpha 7] By early-December, the medical staff started performing emergency surgical operations for injured Palestinian patients who were either at risk of amputation, or waiting to be moved to the Children Hospital in Doha.[255]
On 9 November, Health Minister Fahrettin Koca announced Turkey was prepared to receive Gaza's pediatric cancer patients.[256] On 10 November, the International Red Cross stated Gaza's healthcare system had "reached a point of no return."[257] The Government of Jordan reported Israel had ordered their field hospital to be evacuated and stated they would not comply.[258] Italy and the United Arab Emirates stated they were considering establishing a field hospital in Gaza.[255][259] A French warship was dispatched as a temporary hospital.[260] On 2 December, Saudi Arabia donated six ambulances to the Palestinian Red Crescent.[261] On 3 December, a UNICEF spokesman described Nasser Hospital as a "death zone."[262]
WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated fighting in southern Gaza was making it increasingly difficult to run health operations.[263] On 10 December, WHO adopted a resolution to protect healthcare in Gaza, which director-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus described as "almost impossible in the current circumstances."[264][265] On 12 December, WHO pleaded with the Israeli army not to destroy hospitals in southern Gaza.[266] Doctors Without Borders said healthcare conditions in Gaza were akin to conditions during World War I.[267]
Additional challenges
On 28 October, a communications blackout meant wounded civilians could not dial emergency services.[268] Ambulances were then evenly geographically distributed to provide "faster access to the injured."[269] A surgeon at Al-Ahli hospital stated on 18 November they had run out of blood for transfusions.[270]
Doctors in south Gaza reported a lack of beds and supplies.[271] By 8 December, an estimated 286 health workers in Gaza had been killed by Israel.[272] On 4 December, Doctors Without Borders stated hospitals in southern Gaza were overflowing with wounded patients.[273] The Ministry of Health stated 50,000 people had been wounded since the start of the conflict.[274]
The Red Crescent stated al-Quds was completely out of service on 12 November, as Al-Shifa also stopped receiving patients.[275] [276] On 16 November, the Indonesia Hospital completely shut down, leaving 45 patients in need of surgery.[277] UNOCHA stated only four small hospitals in northern Gaza and eight health facilities in southern Gaza were still functioning.[278] On 30 November, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated the health needs of Gaza had increased dramatically, though only one-third of its health facilities were functioning.[279]
On 9 January, Rik Peeperkorn, the WHO representative for Israel and Palestine, stated, "I’ve never seen so many amputees in my life, including among children. This will have such a long-term impact for everything."[280]
Airstrikes
October
In just one week, Israel dropped more than 6,000 bombs on Gaza.[281] Israel's airstrikes were described as a carpet bombing and "indiscriminate".[282][283] By 16 October, airstrikes had killed 2,750 people, including more than 700 children, and wounded nearly 10,000.[62] An additional 1,000 people were missing beneath rubble.[284] On 16 October, Israeli airstrikes destroyed a UNRWA humanitarian aid supply depot.[285][286] The same day, airstrikes destroyed the headquarters of the Palestinian Civil Defence, the agency responsible for emergency response services, including firefighting and search and rescue.[287]
On 17 October, Israel conducted intensive airstrikes in southern Gaza, in areas it told residents to seek refuge.[288] An airstrike at a UNRWA school killed at least six people.[289][290] On 18 October, the Ahmed Abdel Aziz School in Khan Yunis was hit.[291] On the same day, the death toll in Gaza had risen to 3,478.[292] On 19 October, an Israeli airstrike hit the Church of Saint Porphyrius, where 500 people were sheltering.[293] Israel "pounded" areas in south Gaza it had declared as "safe zones", raising fears amongst residents that nowhere was safe.[20] On 19 October, U.S. officials reported alarm at Israeli comments about the "inevitability of civilian casualties", after it used the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as historical comparisons for their Gaza campaign.[294]
On 20 October, Israeli continued to bombard south Gaza.[295] IDF spokesman Nir Dinar said, "There are no safe zones".[296] On 21 October, Israel intensified its airstrikes in advance of an expected ground invasion.[297][298] On 22 October, Israeli airplanes bombed the areas around the Al Shifa and Al Quds hospitals on a night described as the "bloodiest" of the conflict so far.[299][300] On 23 October, airstrikes killed 436 people in the al-Shati camp and southern Khan Younis in just one night.[301][302] On 26 October, Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu stated Israel had "already eliminated thousands of terrorists – and this is only the beginning".[303] On 27 October, WHO stated more than 1,000 unidentified people were buried under rubble.[304]
By 28 October, the Israeli Air Force bombed residential buildings without any prior warning, killing an estimated 50 people per hour.[305] On 29 October, the IDF bombed the area around the Al-Quds hospital.[306] On 30 October, Israel bombed the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital.[307] On 31 October, an airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp was described as a "massive massacre."[308]
November
On 3 November, the Health Ministry stated 1,200 children were buried under rubble, 136 paramedics had been killed, and 25 ambulance vehicles had been destroyed.[309] On the same day, Israel bombed a medical convoy outside of al-Shifa hospital.[310] The IDF claimed the ambulance was being used by Hamas, leading Queen's University professor Ardi Imseis to state Israel needed to prove its claim.[311] The IDF also bombed the Osama Ben Zaid school.[312][313] On 4 November, Israel bombed the al-Fakhoora School, killing at least fifteen people.[314] Journalists reported Israel was targeting solar panels and personal generators.[315] On 5 November, Israel bombed and destroyed Al-Azhar University.[316] On 6 November, at least eight people died in airstrikes on the Nasser Medical Complex.[317]
On 8 November, Israel bombed and destroyed the Khalid bin al-Walid Mosque.[318] On 12 November, Israel used earthquake bombs on an apartment complex in Khan Younis, killing at least thirteen people.[319] On 13 November, an Israeli airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp killed thirty people, with Gaza's civil defence team unable to rescue injured people from the rubble due to a lack of equipment.[320]
According to sources, both Israeli and Western, Hamas placed military facilities under schools, hospitals and mosques throughout Gaza (including Al-Shifa and the Indonesia Hospital), or used them as cover for its fighters.[321] According to The Guardian, there were indications of Hamas' use of hospitals, schools and residential building as early as 2014.[322][lower-alpha 8] These claims have been disputed, however, including by organizations like Human Rights Watch, UNRWA, and the Palestinian Red Crescent.[324] The Government of Qatar has criticized the lack of either concrete evidence or independent investigations, and both Palestinian and international medical staff have disputed them.[325] Michael Lynk stated Israel's claims were used to prepare "public opinion for the attacks to come".[326]
On 15 November, Gaza's last remaining flour mill was hit by an Israeli airstrike.[327] On 17 November, dozens were reported killed after an airstrike on al-Falah School in the Zeitoun neighborhood, south of Gaza City.[328] The following day, 26 people were killed in an airstrike of a residential building in southern Gaza.[329] A strike on the Al-Fakhoora school reportedly killed at least 50.[330] Deaf, blind, and intellectually handicapped individuals were at particular risk of death by airstrikes.[331] Following Israel's evacuation orders for Palestinians to flee northern Gaza, the IDF intensified its attacks on southern Gaza.[332] It again intensified strikes across Gaza before the temporary November ceasefire.[333] By 26 November, Israel dropped an estimated 40,000 tons of explosives on Gaza.[334]
December
In the hours following the end of the temporary truce between Israel and Hamas, 109 people were killed by Israeli airstrikes.[335] On 2 December, the IDF stated it had struck at least 400 locations in Gaza since the pause had ended, including 50 in Khan Younis in southern Gaza.[336] On 3 December, the Palestinian Civil Defence stated the situation "beyond dire" as the organization was unable to rescue many people buried under rubble.[337] The same day, 700 were reported killed in the preceding twenty-four hours.[338] Some individuals were rescued by aid workers after reportedly surviving several days buried underneath rubble.[339] Robert Pape stated, "Gaza will also go down as a place name denoting one of history’s heaviest conventional bombing campaigns."[340] On 8 December, 350 people were reportedly killed in the preceding twenty-four hours.[341] On 9 December, the Palestinian Civil Defence stated it only had one operational rescue vehicle left in the entirety of northern Gaza.[342] On 13 December, a UNRWA school in Beit Hanoun was destroyed by an Israeli airstrike.[343] On 14 December, a US intelligence report found half of the bombs dropped on Gaza had been unguided bombs.[344]
A Sky News analysis found Israel was directly targeting areas that it was telling people to flee to.[345] Experts stated the bombing campaign against Gaza had been the deadliest and most destructive in modern history, with Corey Scher of the CUNY Graduate Center stating, "Gaza is now a different color from space."[346] The Wall Street Journal described the Israeli bombing in Gaza as the "most devastating urban warfare in the modern record".[347] Torrential rains caused flooding, which raised fears of disease spread.[348]
January
On 5 January 2024, evacuees fleeing Israeli attacks in central Gaza stated the situation there was "hell on Earth."[349] One survivor of an Israeli airstrike wrote, "Even though that air strike did not kill us, it destroyed something inside us."[350] On 12 January, the UN Secretary-General for Human Rights stated that at least 319 internally displaced persons were killed and 1,135 injured by Israeli airstrikes while sheltering in UN shelters.[351]
Displacement
On 10 October, the United Nations said the fighting had displaced more than 423,000 Palestinians,[352] while Israeli airstrikes had destroyed 1,000 homes and rendered 560 housing units uninhabitable.[55] By 15 October, an estimated 1 million people in Gaza had been displaced, many of them fleeing northern Gaza following Israel's mandated evacuation.[353][354] Due to continued heavy Israeli bombing in south Gaza, some northern Gazan refugees moved back to Gaza City.[355][356] On 19 October, the UN Office for Humanitarian Affairs stated 98,000 houses, or 1 in every 4 homes in Gaza, had been destroyed by Israeli bombardments.[357] On 21 October, the UNRWA stated 500,000 people were sheltering in UN facilities, and conditions had grown "untenable".[358] By the end of October this had grown to over 670,000 people.[359] Many others sheltered in hospitals.[360]
By 22 October, the UN Office for Humanitarian Affairs stated 42% of homes in Gaza had been destroyed.[361] By 23 October, an estimated 1.4 million people in Gaza had been left homeless.[362] On 30 October, the Red Cross stated it would take years to rebuild destroyed homes and infrastructure.[363] On 2 November, UNRWA stated 50 of its buildings and assets had been affected by Israeli strikes, including four shelters.[364] On 6 November, Al Jazeera journalist Hani Mahmoud described southern Gaza as a large concentration camp.[365] As the fighting in Gaza City intensified, the IDF announced a daily four-hour window for residents to move south, leading to thousands fleeing the city.[366] On 10 November, an Israeli spokesman stated 100,000 people had fled northern Gaza in the prior two days.[367] On 11 November, UNICEF stated thousands of children in northern Gaza were "hanging on by a thread."[368]
On 12 November, CARE International stated, "The journey to the south is incredibly dangerous and hard. Many of those who have made it out have experienced and witnessed terrible suffering."[369] On 14 November, Human Rights Watch stated, "There is no reliably safe route to evacuate. Satellite imagery confirms fires, military operations, and roadblocks on every conceivable route."[370] By 20 November, satellite imagery showed half of northern Gaza had been destroyed by Israeli airstrikes.[371] The Financial Times described northern Gaza as a "bombed-out wasteland."[372] Palestinians feared northern Gaza was becoming uninhabitable.[373] By 28 November, the UN estimated 60 percent of all housing in Gaza had been destroyed.[374] The Financial Times estimated it would cost billions to rebuild Gaza.[375]
On 1 December, Israel labelled Khan Younis a "dangerous combat zone."[376] It issued a map of numbered zones, dividing the Gaza Strip into hundreds of different districts.[377] It also issued an evacuation order in southern Gaza for residents to move to Rafah.[378] At the same time it issued the evacuation, Israel bombed Rafah.[379] On 4 December, a UN representative stated "another wave of displacement is underway."[380] The UN stated at least four of its shelters in Khan Younis had received evacuation orders from the Israeli military.[381] By 13 December, half of Gaza's population was in Rafah.[382] On 21 December, a Financial Times analysis found Israel had left northern Gaza virtually uninhabitable.[383] On 6 January 2024, UN humanitarian chief Martin Griffiths stated that Gaza had "simply become uninhabitable".[384]
On 8 January, Al Jazeera reported Palestinians in Gaza were using websites like GoFundMe to fundraise the necessary money to enter Egypt via the Rafah Crossing.[385] UNOCHA reported there were as many 15 people living per tent.[386] On 13 January, the Gaza Health Ministry reported the infrastructure of Rafah was at its breaking point, unable to handle the large number of displaced people who'd fled there.[387]
Communications
On 27 October, Gaza underwent a near total communications blackout after Paltel's communication towers were destroyed in an Israeli attack.[388] This cut off Gaza from any phone or internet service.[389] As a result, humanitarian groups, including UNICEF, WHO, the Palestine Red Crescent Society, Doctors Without Borders, American Friends Service Committee, Medical Aid for Palestinians, and ActionAid lost all contact with their staff.[390] The Palestinian Red Crescent Society stated wounded people would no longer be able to dial Gaza's emergency number for an ambulance.[391] The Red Crescent stated it was "deeply concerned" about the ability of medics to provide care, stating it had lost all contact with operations room and staff in Gaza.[391] On 28 October, Elon Musk offered to provide humanitarian groups with Starlink access, but Shlomo Karhi stated Israel would fight it with every "means at its disposal” because Hamas will use it for terrorist activities.[392][393]
The UN Assistant Secretary-General and Humanitarian Coordinator in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Lynn Hastings,[394] stated that hospitals and aid operations could not operate without phone lines or internet.[395] The Committee to Protect Journalists warned the world was "losing a window into the reality" of the situation in Gaza.[396] Michael Lynk, a former UN rapporteur, stated one purpose of the internet blackout was to keep "the world blinded on what's happening."[397] The WHO secretary-general Tedros Ghebreyesus stated he was "gravely concerned" by the blackout for the "immediate health risks" it posed to patients and for the safety of WHO staff.[390][398] In a post on X, ActionAid wrote the blackout would make it "nearly impossible" for people to seek help, and stated they were "gravely concerned" for "all the people of Gaza."[399]
Marwa Fatafta, policy manager of Access Now, stated that "taking Gaza completely off the grid while launching an unprecedented bombardment campaign only means something atrocious is about to happen."[388] On 28 October, Netblocks stated Gaza's telephone and internet communications were gradually returning.[400] On 31 October, Fatafta stated the blackout had been used by Israel to cover up potential war crimes as they began their ground invasion and called it a "warfare tactic to induce more pain on the population."[401] Paltel announced Gaza had again been cut off from telecommunications and internet service.[401] On 5 November, internet and telecoms were cut for a third time.[402] Some residents used eSIMs to stay connected to mobile networks.[403] On 16 November, communications in Gaza were cut off for a fourth time.[404] The following day, communications were restored after a limited quantity of fuel was allowed to enter the Gaza Strip.[405] On 27 November, Shlomo Karhi stated Musk had agreed not to operate Starlink in Gaza without Israeli approval.[406] On 3 December, PalTel reported another communications blackout.[407] On 14 December, Gaza's communication companies reported the sixth communications blackout since the conflict's start.[408]
On 20 December, Paltel, Ooredoo, and Jawwal reported a communications blackout in the Gaza Strip.[409] Wounded people unable to call ambulances due to the blackouts reported biking and taking donkey carts to hospitals, while ambulance drivers stated they simply followed plumes of smoke or the sound of explosions.[410] Telecoms went down on 26 December.[411] On 12 January, the ninth communications blackout occurred, cutting off phone and internet access across the Strip.[412] The following day, Jawwal reported an Israeli drone strike had killed two of their engineers attempting to repair the system, noting they had lost a total of 13 employees so far.[413]
Humanitarian aid
Initial block on aid
The amount of aid coming in is a drop in the bucket of Gaza’s humanitarian needs. Before this conflict, about 100 trucks of aid alone entered Gaza [a day]. So imagine now, with all the hostilities going on, if only this number is coming in.
On 9 October, Israel implemented a complete blockade on Gaza, preventing the entry of any humanitarian aid.[415] Egypt closed its border to prevent civilians fleeing, but said that it would allow aid to be delivered through the Rafah crossing.[416] A week later, despite international calls for deliveries, hundreds of tons of aid were stuck on Egypt's side of the border, as Israel bombarded the crossing amid fears of weapons deliveries, and declined to assure Egyptian authorities it would pause airstrikes for civilian aid convoys.[417][418] In Israel, aid to Gaza was reportedly prevented by far-right politicians allied with Netanyahu.[419] On 17 October, the UNRWA stated that there was currently "no water or electricity in Gaza. Soon there will be no food or medicine either".[420][421]
Deliveries to southern Gaza
On 18 October, Israel announced it would allow food, water, and medicine to be delivered to a "safe zone" in west Khan Younis in southern Gaza, distributed by the United Nations.[422][65][423] Later the same day, US president Joe Biden announced Egypt agreed to allow 20 trucks with aid to enter Gaza by 20 October.[424][425] More than 100 trucks of aid were waiting at the Rafah crossing to enter into Gaza.[426] In a statement, Human Rights Watch stated that without electricity or fuel, however, the provided aid would fail "meeting the needs of Gaza's population".[427][422] On 19 October, US Special Envoy David M. Satterfield stated the US wanted "sustained" aid into Gaza.[428] The same day, a spokesman for Oxfam stated aid distribution in Gaza would be a "big challenge", and the UN reported at least 100 trucks a day of aid were needed.[429][430] On 21 October 20 trucks of aid entered Gaza.[431] António Guterres stated it was not enough to prevent an "humanitarian catastrophe".[432] Martin Griffiths said the UN was working to develop an "at-scale operation".[433] On 22 October, following the second delivery of trucks, Biden and Netanyahu stated aid would continue to be allowed into Gaza.[434]
Issues with delivery
On 27 October, Lynn Hastings, the UN's humanitarian coordinator for Palestine, stated Israel opposed the delivery of humanitarian aid to northern Gaza.[435] As a result, UN staff would need to risk their own lives if it was determined such aid would be "lifesaving" to people in need.[435] Philippe Lazzarini stated "soon many more will die" from Israel's blockade.[436]
When asked about Hamas's responsibility for the safety of civilians, Hamas leader Mousa Abu Marzook allegedly replied that "it is the responsibility of the United Nations to protect them... [and] it is the responsibility of the occupation to provide them with... services".[437][438] On 28 October, The New York Times reported that Hamas had stockpiled food, water, medicine and sanitary products in underground caches, in amounts that would allow it to continue fighting for several months without resupply.[439] On 12 November, Kan 11 aired a video taken by a Gazan civilian, that appeared to show Hamas policemen beating civilians approaching a truck carrying humanitarian aid for food, before allegedly taking the supplies for themselves.[440]
Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry stated "Israeli obstacles" were impeding the delivery of humanitarian aid.[441] The United Nations announced the communications blackout had brought aid delivery to a "complete halt."[442] On 29 October, a humanitarian zone was announced in the Khan Younis area, along with a claim that aid trucks would increase "significantly."[443] On 30 October, OCHA director Lisa Doughten pressured the UN Security Council for the use of extra entry points to Gaza, suggesting the Kerem Shalom border crossing as the only entry equipped for rapidly processing a sufficiently large number of trucks.[444][445] On 13 November, the United Nations announced it no longer had enough fuel to deliver humanitarian aid in Gaza, leading Canadian Foreign Minister Melanie Joly to say, "This is not acceptable."[446] On 17 November, the UN suspended aid delivery again due to the shortage of fuel and the cutoff of communications.[447]
Delivery during temporary ceasefire
The amount of aid entering Gaza increased during the temporary November ceasefire.[448] On 26 November, the largest shipment of humanitarian aid reached northern Gaza since the start of the conflict nearly two months before.[449] Philippe Lazzarini stated the aid entering Gaza was still inadequate.[450] Samer AbdelJaber, a World Food Programme head, stated people were hungry and desperate.[451] On 28 November, the White House reported that over 2,000 trucks of aid had entered Gaza since 21 October.[452]
Resumption of hostilities
Following the resumption of hostilities on 1 December, aid deliveries into Gaza ceased.[453] The IDF informed the Palestinian Red Crescent that the entry of trucks was "prohibited, starting from today" until further notice.[454] Later the same day, the United States announced they had requested a reversal of the decision, and Israel stated it was prepared to allow aid at pre-pause levels.[455] On 4 December, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) stated that approximately 100 humanitarian aid trucks and 69,000 litres of fuel entered Gaza on 3 December and 4 December. This was “well below” the on average 170 trucks and 110,000 litres of fuel that were delivered daily during the temporary ceasefire.[456] On 4 December, Lynn Hastings, a UN humanitarian coordinator, stated, "The conditions required to deliver aid to the people of Gaza do not exist" and warned of a "hellish scenario" in which aid delivery was entirely impossible.[457][lower-alpha 9] Josep Borrell shared a warning on social media from Martin Griffiths stating an immediate ceasefire was needed for the UN to continue humanitarian operations.[459] WHO stated Israel shot at its humanitarian relief trucks in Gaza City.[460]
On 15 December, Israel approved reopening of the Kerem Shalom crossing and announced that the US would be paying to upgrade the Rafah crossing.[461] Following a tour of the Rafah crossing, MEP Barry Andrews stated he believed Israel was deliberately delaying aid deliveries to the Gaza Strip.[462] On 19 December, UNRWA headquarters was bombed.[463] UN chief Antonio Guterres stated the way Israel was conducting its offensive was creating obstacles for delivery.[464] On 29 December, Israel fired on a humanitarian aid truck marked with U.N. insignia.[465] Israel announced on 31 December it was prepared to allow aid ships from Cyprus to enter Gaza.[466] France and Jordan airdropped aid on 5 January.[467] On 11 January, Samer AbdelJaber, a World Food Programme director, stated the organization had delivered "crucial food assistance to thousands of people facing catastrophic hunger" in Gaza City for the first time in weeks.[468]
On 13 January 2024, UNOCHA reported the amount of aid Israel was allowing into Israel had significantly deceased since the prior month.[469] Omar Shakir, Human Rights Watch's Israel-Palestine director, stated, "This is a deliberate Israeli government policy. Aid is not reaching north Gaza."[470] U.S. senators Chris Van Hollen and Jeff Merkley criticized Israel's inspection of humanitarian aid as "arbitrary" and "broken".[471] A joint statement by the heads of UNICEF, WHO, and the World Food Programme stated the limited quantity of aid arriving in Gaza was unable to prevent the "deadly combination of hunger, malnutrition, and disease".[472] A viral video showed huge crowds of hungry people rushing toward a rumored relief truck.[473] On 16 January, a deal was reached between Israel and Hamas to bring more aid into Gaza.[474]
Killing of aid workers
From 7 October to 17 December, 135 United Nations relief workers were killed by the Israeli Military in the Gaza Strip, making it the deadliest conflict for UN workers in world history.[475][476] According to Jeremy Konyndyk, the president of Refugees International, "The U.S. concern about these casualties remains almost purely rhetorical. There is no policy leverage being put behind it whatsoever. Beyond expressing concern and expressing regret, that’s where it stops."[477]
Impact on children
Due to over 40% of Gaza’s population being 14 or under, children have been notably impacted by Israel's attack.[478] On 13 November, UNICEF stated more than 700,000 children in Gaza were displaced.[479] The Palestine Red Crescent Society stated displaced children were suffering, due to power outages, lack of basic essentials, and "scenes of pain and fear."[480] Catherine M. Russell, the executive director of UNICEF, toured Gaza on 15 November, stating many children were buried under rubble and lacking medical care.[481] Dr. Ahmed al-Fara, the head of pediatrics at Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis, stated due to the lack of clean water, he was witnessing the "most serious epidemic of gastroenteritis" among children he had ever seen.[482] UNICEF spokesperson Toby Fricker stated, "There is no safe place for children anywhere across the strip right now."[483] Save the Children reported serious signs of mental health issues among children in Gaza.[484]
On 22 November, UNICEF reported unaccompanied children had been identified evacuating from northern to southern Gaza by themselves.[485] On 28 November, James Elder, a UNICEF spokesperson, stated wounded children were sheltering outdoors in car parks and gardens.[486] Elder called the conflict in Gaza a "war on children."[487] Doctors warned children who survived Israeli airstrikes were left with permanent disabilities and trauma.[488] Aid workers coined the term WCNSF, meaning Wounded Child No Surviving Family.[488] The bodies of some children buried under rubble remained unrecovered.[489] By 3 December, an estimated 6,150 children had been killed in the conflict.[490] In mid-December, the Ministry of Health stated it had run out of vaccinations for children, which would have catastrophic repercussions.[491] The Euro-Med Monitor estimated at least 25,000 children had lost one or both parents.[492] On 19 December, the United Nations stated Gaza was "by far the most dangerous place in the world to be a child".[493] More children were killed in Gaza in two and a half months than the total of children killed in all conflicts around the world in the previous three years combined.[494]
On 21 December, UNICEF reported thousands of children had undergone limb amputations.[495] Save the Children reported 10 children a day in Gaza had lost their limbs, which would result in a lifetime of medical needs.[496] On 28 December, UNOCHA stated 50 percent of all children in the Gaza Strip were experiencing dehydration, malnutrition, respiratory and skin diseases.[497] An UNOCHA representative stated the organization was having difficulty delivering childhood vaccines.[498] On 3 January 2024, UNICEF chief Catherine M. Russell stated many children in Gaza were facing severe acute malnutrition.[499] On 5 January, UNICEF found 90 percent of children under the age of two were eating two or fewer food groups a day.[500]
On 6 January 2024, Tanya Haj-Hassan, a doctor with Doctors Without Borders, stated children in Gaza were "dying in every way possible."[501] In some cases, newborns were rescued from under rubble after surviving bombings.[502] A report by Save the Children on 12 January stated children were "enduring unspeakable horrors, including life-changing injuries, burns, disease, inadequate medical care, and losing their parents and other loved ones".[503] On 16 January, doctors reported children weakened by starvation were dying from hypothermia.[504]
Birth and pregnancy
An estimated 150 babies were born in Gaza per day since the start of the conflict.[505] A pediatric doctor at the Emirati Hospital in Rafah, stated the number of premature babies born in Gaza had risen sharply.[506] Newborn babies receiving specialized care in the West Bank were separated from their mothers who were trapped in Gaza.[507] Oxfam stated newborn babies were dying from preventable diseases such as infection, hypothermia, diarrhea, and dehydration.[508] By mid-December, parents were struggling to feed newborn babies, as mothers had insufficient nutrition to breastfeed.[509] Newborn babies born during the conflict died in airstrikes, though some were rescued from the rubble.[510][511] A UNOCHA representative stated she had met a woman forced to give birth in the street, and that the baby had died.[512] One woman reported being unable to bathe her newborns more than ten days after their birth, due to the lack of clean water.[513]
Premature babies
The plight of Gaza's premature babies gained global attention.[514] Starting on 21 October, Medical Aid for Palestinians and UNICEF issued an "urgent warning" that 130 premature babies would die if fuel did not reach Gaza hospitals soon.[515][516] On 23 October, officials in Gaza confirmed that that due to the Israeli siege on fuel, when hospitals lost electricity, premature babies in NICUs were at risk of death.[517][518] On 11 November, IDF spokesman Daniel Hagari stated the army would help evacuate babies from al-Shifa Hospital, but a Gaza Health Ministry spokesman stated Israel had not provided "any mechanism to get the babies out to a safer hospital."[519][520] The same day, Physicians for Human Rights stated two premature babies had died due to the loss of electricity.[521] Two additional babies died soon after.[522]
On 15 November, Israel launched a raid on al-Shifa Hospital, where three dozen premature babies were still sheltering.[523] The director of Al-Shifa stated Israel's claim to provide incubators to premature babies was false.[524] On 19 November, 31 premature babies at al-Shifa were evacuated by the Palestinian Red Crescent, WHO, and UNOCHA to southern Gaza.[525] They were planned to be moved to Egypt with their families the following day.[526] On 20 November, 28 of the babies were evacuated to Egypt.[527] Only eight were accompanied by their parents, as the others were orphans, or their parents were unable to leave Gaza.[528] At least two sets of parents were reunited with their babies in Egypt after being added to an urgent list of medical travelers.[529]
On 10 November, Doctors Without Borders reported that evacuating medical workers at Al-Nasr Children’s Hospital had to leave babies in incubators after the IDF bombed the pediatric hospital.[530][531] On 29 November, video footage from Al-Nasr showed the aftermath of the hospital's evacuation, with the five premature babies dead still in their incubators.[532] These were in addition to the eight babies total who died at al-Shifa.[533] The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor confirmed the Al-Nasr infants' deaths.[534] They stated the IDF had indicated to hospital staff they would evacuate the babies, though the IDF denied any involvement.[535][536] In a recording of a phone call between COGAT and a medical official, the IDF official confirmed ambulances would retrieve patients from al-Nasr, but hospital officials stated the ambulances never arrived.[537][538] The Red Cross stated they were "devastated" by the footage and denied they were responsible for their abandonment.[539]
In mid-December, Israel began a military siege and raid on the Kamal Adwan hospital. On 14 December, the Gaza Health Ministry reported IDF soldiers had prevented medical staff from continuing support to 12 babies in intensive care.[540] Three premature babies had died at Kamal Adwan in November following a power outage.[541]
Reactions
Aid organizations
A Doctors Without Borders video shared by Amnesty International head Agnès Callamard stated, "This brutal annihilation of an entire populations health system stretches beyond what humanitarian aid can fix."[542] On 4 December, Red Cross president Mirjana Spoljaric Egger visited the Gaza Strip, stating, "the things I saw there are beyond anything that anyone should be in a position to describe."[543] On 10 December, Bushra Khalidi, an expert with Oxfam, stated the situation was no longer "just a catastrophe, it's apocalyptic."[544]
On 11 December, the presidents of six major humanitarian organizations — CARE USA, Mercy Corps, the Norwegian Refugee Council, Oxfam America, Refugees International, and Save the Children — penned a joint op-ed in The New York Times in which they stated, "We have seen nothing like the siege of Gaza".[545] On 13 December, a group of Israeli human rights and civil society organizations, including B'Tselem, penned an open-letter to Joe Biden urging him to use his influence to help stop the "catastrophic" humanitarian crisis in Gaza.[546] Freedom House warned the humanitarian crisis was growing increasingly dire and called on the Israeli government to follow international humanitarian law.[547]
On 27 December, an MSF representative stated, "You absolutely cannot depict this as a humanitarian response: When we cannot guarantee the safety of our teams".[548] Mairav Zonszein, a Crisis Group analyst, stated, "It is clear Israel’s war objective is not eradicating Hamas, but eradicating the ability to live in Gaza."[549] B’Tselem reported on 8 January that Israel bore a "positive obligation to allow rapid and unimpeded passage of humanitarian aid, including food" into Gaza.[550] On 11 January, the Oxfam Middle East director stated, "The scale and atrocities that Israel is visiting upon Gaza are truly shocking. For 100 days the people of Gaza have endured a living hell."[551][552] On 14 January, the spokesman for the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) stated, "Gaza has been made unlivable for military reasons and all civilians are paying the price."[553] The following day, the secretary general of the NRC stated it was the worst humanitarian crises of this century.[554]
United Nations
UNRWA commissioner Philippe Lazzarini described the situation as "bone-chilling," and the World Health Organization stated that it was "spiraling out of control."[555][556] On October 26, the World Organization declared that Gaza's humanitarian and health crisis had "reached catastrophic proportions."[557] Martin Griffiths, the United Nations head of Humanitarian Affairs, stated the humanitarian crisis in Gaza was the worst he had ever seen in his life, stating, "I don’t say that lightly. I mean, I started off in my 20s dealing with the Khmer Rouge, and you remember how bad that was, the killing fields."[558] Griffith stated it was the worst ever because unlike in other humanitarian crises, the people of Gaza had nowhere to flee.[559]
On 28 November, UN chief António Guterres stated, the "humanitarian catastrophe in Gaza is getting worse by the day."[560] On 3 December, WHO secretary-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus visited Nasser Medical Complex, stating, "Patients were receiving care on the floor, screaming in pain... I cannot find words strong enough to express our concern over what we’re witnessing."[561] On 6 December, UN chief António Guterres invoked Article 99 of the Charter of the United Nations, stating “We are facing a severe risk of collapse of the humanitarian system."[562] A joint statement by more than 20 UN and humanitarian organizations described the crisis as "amongst the worst we have witnessed".[563]
On 8 December, UNICEF spokesperson Thomas White stated, "Civil order is breaking down in Gaza... Society is on the brink of full-blown collapse."[564] Philippe Lazzarini stated, "By any description, it is definitely the worst situation I have ever seen."[565] On 11 December, a UN envoy toured Gaza, leading Ecuador's representative to state, "The reality is even worse than what words can speak."[566] On 13 December, UN human rights chief Volker Türk stated the crisis was "well beyond breakdown."[567] On 19 December, James Elder, spokesperson of UNICEF said “I’m furious that children who are recovering from amputations in hospitals are then killed in those hospitals.”[568]
Barbara Woodward, the British ambassador to the UN, stated many more would die from violence, disease, and famine if action wasn't taken to ease the humanitarian crisis.[569] On 31 December, a UNOCHA official stated she was afraid casualties were going to increase exponentially due to "conditions which are literally unbelievable".[570] On 5 January 2024, the United Nations humanitarian chief Martin Griffiths stated, "People are facing the highest levels of food insecurity ever recorded."[571] On 7 January, the UNRWA deputy director reported severe hunger and an almost collapsed healthcare system, stating, "I don’t know how much more they can bear before something explodes in the southern part of Gaza".[572]
On 7 January, UN chief Antonio Guterres stated "widespread famine looms" in Gaza,[573] to which the UN special rapporteur for health Tlaleng Mofokeng stated Gaza was experiencing "deliberate starvation not famine".[574] Speaking at the United Nations Security Council on 12 January, Martin Griffiths stated colleagues who had made it into northern Gaza in recent days had described "scenes of utter horror: Corpses left lying in the road. People with evident signs of starvation stopping trucks in search of anything they can get to survive."[575] The World Food Programme stated nine out out of ten people in northern Gaza were eating less than a meal a day.[576]
US and Israeli
Israeli Major General (ret.) Giora Eiland compared Israel's situation to that of the United States after Pearl Harbor.[577] He argued that if Israel wanted to disarm Hamas, it had "no choice" but to make Gaza a place "that is temporarily or permanently impossible to live in".[578][577] This, he stated, was not a "program for revenge," but a way to get the hostages back.[579] In an op-ed in Yedioth Ahronoth on 19 November, Eiland wrote Israel should not adopt a US narrative that "allows" Israel to only fight against militants.[580] Writing for Haaretz, Zvi Bar'el argued the humanitarian crisis was an Israeli military weapon that could be used as a bargaining chip.[581] In a speech posted by the Knesset Channel, MK Tally Gotliv stated, "Without hunger and thirst among the Gazan population, we will not be able to recruit collaborators".[582] In January 2024, a COGAT representative denied there was a famine in Gaza, stating, "Don't forget that this is an Arab, Gazan population whose DNA is to hoard, certainly when it comes to food."[583]
The United States UN representative Linda Thomas-Greenfield vetoed a UN Security Council resolution that would have urged humanitarian aid to Gaza, saying it was too early to craft a resolution and criticising the one proposed for failing to support Israel's right to self-defence.[584] In a Wall Street Journal op-ed, conservative American commentator Daniel Henninger speculated Hamas wanted to create a humanitarian crisis for publicity purposes.[585] US Senator Chris Van Hollen stated "political decisions by the Netanyahu coalition" were delaying the delivery of aid into Gaza.[586]
Palestinian
On 4 January 2024, Gaza City mayor Yahya Al-Sarraj made an urgent appeal to the international community for fuel "to provide the necessary support mechanisms to provide water, sanitation and hygiene services to serve all residents of the Gaza Strip".[587] On 5 January, the Palestinian Foreign Ministry stated the humanitarian crisis in Rafah was straining the international community's credibility, stating, "The Israeli government continues its deepening campaign of genocide, comprehensive destruction, and displacement in the Gaza Strip".[588] On 14 January, the Foreign Ministry stated, "The Israeli occupation has turned Gaza into an uninhabitable place, committed horrific crimes, and forcibly displaced approximately 2 million people".[589] The Ministry stated Israel was claiming self-defense to justify making Gaza uninhabitable.[590]
Other states
On 8 January 2024, Jordanian foreign minister Ayman Safadi condemned Israel's actions in Gaza, stating, "The Israeli aggression on Gaza has exceeded all humanitarian, legal and moral limits".[591]
On 9 January 2024, British Foreign Secretary David Cameron admitted he is "worried" that Israel has "taken action that might be in breach of international law", saying he wanted Israel to restore water supplies to Gaza.[592] Sarah Champion, a Labor MP, stated, "I find it utterly wicked and immoral that international conventions [in Gaza] are not being respected, particularly when it comes to medical facilities".[593]
Resolution efforts
In a call on 20 November, Chinese President Xi Jinping and French President Emmanuel Macron discussed measures to avoid the humanitarian crisis from getting worse.[594] In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on November 11, 2023, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Arab League held an emergency meeting on the Gaza humanitarian crisis created by the war.[595] On 5 December, Cyprus President Nikos Christodoulides visited Egypt and Jordan in attempt to establish a humanitarian aid corridor to Gaza.[596] The UN appointed Sigrid Kaag in the newly created position of senior humanitarian and reconstruction coordinator for Gaza.[597]
On December 6, United Nations secretary-general António Guterres invoked Article 99 of the UN Charter, that is: "The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security."[598][599] Guterres cited the situation as a threat to "international peace and security" and “a severe risk of collapse of the humanitarian system" which he argued have irreversible impacts for Palestinians.[600] By invoking Article 99, Guterres is pushing the Security Council to call for a cease fire.[601]
Refugees
At the beginning of the war, Egypt announced it was closing the Rafah Crossing to Gaza, one of only three exit points along the Gaza border.[602][603] Egypt cited fears about permanent displacement and a possible refugee crisis, particularly if Israel refused to allow the refugees back into Gaza after the war.[604][lower-alpha 10] Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu sought to convince Egypt to accept Gazan refugees.[606]
Jordan also expressed reluctance to receive Palestinian refugees.[607] King Abdullah II of Jordan warned Israel against pushing Palestinians into Jordan, emphasizing the need to address the humanitarian situation within both Gaza and the West Bank.[608]
In Europe, Humza Yousaf, the First Minister of Scotland, urged the international community to establish a refugee program for Gaza.[609][610] Yousaf stated Scotland was ready to offer sanctuary to refugees, and called on the UK to create a resettlement scheme.[610][lower-alpha 11] Foreign Minister Hanke Bruins Slot stated the Netherlands was discussing the possibility of accepting sick and wounded Palestinian children into the country.[611]
In the United States, left-wing politicians, including Representatives Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Jamaal Bowman, emphasized the US's historical role accepting refugees and called for the acceptance of Gazan refugees.[607] Right-wing politicians, such as former-President Donald Trump and Governor Ron DeSantis, both argued for barring admittance of any refugees from Gaza.[607] President Joe Biden did not announce any plans to admit refugees, but stated $100 million in aid would be given to Gaza.[607]
See also
Notes
- ↑ Israeli UN Ambassador Gilad Erdan responded directly to Guterres, stating, "Shame on [Guterres]... More than 30 minors – among them a 9 month-old baby as well as toddlers and children who witnessed their parents being murdered in cold blood – are being held against their will in the Gaza Strip. Hamas is the problem in Gaza, not Israel's actions to eliminate this terrorist organization."[8][9]
- ↑ Many were sheltering at the hospital, as it was the last functioning one in northern Gaza.[157][158] The Gaza Ministry of Health stated 200 patients were evacuated from the hospital, while an estimated 500 patients remained.[159][160]
- ↑ Ashraf al-Qudra, a doctor at al-Shifa, stated the hospital was completely out of service, as the Israeli army shot "everything that moves."[176]
- ↑ Three dozen premature babies, were still sheltering at the time of the raid.[183] Doctors reported 40 patients at al-Shifa died.[184]
- ↑ Robert Mardini, director general of the Red Cross, described the situation at al-Shifa as "unbearably desperate."[189]
- ↑ The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor reported it had received reports that WHO either unwittingly or knowingly facilitated the doctors' arrests.[238]
- ↑ The Italian Joint Operations Command also announced a plan to build an Armed Forces-owned field hospital within the Gaza Strip, although the designation of the specific site was subject to the assurance of basic safety conditions in the chosen area.[254][255] The Ministry of Defence authorized medical staff from foreign countries and international organizations to join the personnel of both the hospital ship and the field hospital;[254][255] as a result, six between physicians and nurses from the Qatar Armed Forces, as well as a medical team affiliated to the Francesca Rava Foundation, joined the staff of the ship.[255] However, due to the constant escalation of the war in the Gaza Strip, the Vulcano was authorized to change its path following a NATO meeting, and arrived in Al'Arish, Egypt on 3 December.
- ↑ In 2022, a "man-made cavity" was discovered under the grounds of an UNRWA school in Gaza.[323]
- ↑ Shortly after these comments, the Israeli government revoked Hastings' visa[458]
- ↑ On 2 November, Egypt said it would allow 7,000 dual citizens to exit through the Rafah border crossing.[605]
- ↑ Yousaf also called on Israel not to resort to collective punishment and emphasized the need for medical evacuation support for injured civilians. Yousaf has personal ties to Gaza, with family members there. He stressed unity and safety for all communities in Scotland. The UK government, led by conservative Rishi Sunak, did not issue an official response to Yousaf's comments.
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- Alareer, Refaat [@itranslate123] (October 15, 2023). "I am from Gaza and I am telling you this is a JOKE. Israel destroyed many water pipes. Also, without electricity we can NOT turn on the water pumps. Water in Gaza does not simply run into the taps. We have to fill water tanks about twice a week" (Tweet). Retrieved 15 October 2023 – via Twitter.
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- ↑ Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Tedros. "The reports of ongoing hostilities and heavy bombardment in #Gaza are petrifying. Yesterday our team visited Nassar Medical Hospital in the south. It was packed with 1,000 patients — 3 times over its capacity. Countless people were seeking shelter, filling every corner of the facility. Patients were receiving care on the floor, screaming in pain. These conditions are beyond inadequate - unimaginable for the provision of health care. I cannot find words strong enough to express our concern over what we're witnessing. Ceasefire. NOW". X. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
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- ↑ "Overcrowding at hospitals grows as more move south". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ↑ "'No place safe for children in Gaza': UNICEF". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ↑ "Children's Mental Health In Gaza Pushed Beyond Breaking Point After Nearly A Month Of Siege And Bombardment". Save the Children. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ↑ Russell, Catherine. "UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell's remarks at the UN Security Council briefing on the protection of children in Gaza". UNICEF. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ↑ Arslan, Muhammet İkbal. "Situation in Gaza 'worse than I imagined': UNICEF spokesperson tells Anadolu". AA. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ↑ "UN official describes 'immense relief' as water, food arrive in north Gaza amid truce". CBC. Reuters. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- 1 2 Khaled, Mai; Saleh, Heba. "Gaza's children fight to survive amid wreckage of Israel-Hamas war". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
- ↑ Natour, Rhana. "These Palestinian boys received life-saving surgery in the US. An Israeli airstrike killed them in their home". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
- ↑ "WATCH: Palestinian boy's farewell to brother killed in Israeli air raid". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ↑ "Gaza health ministry says out of children's vaccines". France24. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ↑ "Over 10,000 infants and children killed in Israel's Gaza genocide, hundreds of whom are trapped beneath debris". Euro-Med Monitor. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ↑ "'Ten weeks of hell' for children in Gaza: UNICEF". UN News. United Nations. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
- ↑ Johnston, Nicole. "Israel-Hamas war: The impossible conditions for children born into conflict". Sky News. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ↑ "Facing life in the Gaza Strip with a new disability". UNICEF. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ↑ "GAZA: MORE THAN 10 CHILDREN A DAY LOSE A LIMB IN THREE MONTHS OF BRUTAL CONFLICT". Save the Children. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ↑ "Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #79". UNOCHA. United Nations. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ↑ "Vaccines received, but getting them to babies across Gaza is impossible: UN". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ↑ "'Time is running out' to save children in Gaza from malnutrition, says UNICEF head". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ "Nutrition needs of children, pregnant women in Gaza are going unmet, UNICEF says". PBS. Associated Press. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ↑ "Children in Gaza dying 'in every way possible'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ↑ Barbakh, Arafat. "Baby saved from Gaza rubble after mother killed in Israeli strike". Reuters. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ↑ "More than 10,000 children killed in Gaza in nearly 100 days of war". ReliefWeb. Save the Children. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ↑ Burke, Jason. "Aid officials believe there are 'pockets of famine' in Gaza". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ↑ Collier, Neil. "'A Horror Film': Mothers in Gaza on Giving Birth in a War Zone". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ↑ Alsaafin, Linah; Humaid, Maram. "Emaciated but alive: Gaza mothers, premature babies reunited in Egypt". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ↑ Loveluck, Louisa; Taha, Sufian; Harb, Hajar. "Israel's war with Hamas separates Palestinian babies from their mothers". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ↑ "The Devastating Brunt Of Conflict On Gaza's Women And Girls". Oxfam. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ↑ Shana, Fadi. "Unwashed and underfed, babies born into Gaza war face hardship in tents". Reuters. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
- ↑ Salem, Mohammed. "Born and killed in Gaza war: grandmother weeps for one-month-old Idres". Reuters. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ↑ "3-day-old baby saved following Israeli air raid on Rafah". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ↑ "'There are so many people in the north of Gaza': UN official". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ↑ "Displaced Palestinian mother in Gaza gives birth to quadruplets". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ↑ "Premature babies evacuated from Al-Shifa Hospital, health officials say". CBC. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ↑ Medical Aid for Palestinians [@MedicalAidPal] (October 21, 2023). "🚨 URGENT UPDATE: Doctors in #Gaza have issued an urgent warning that the lives of 130 premature babies are in imminent danger if fuel does not reach hospitals soon" (Tweet). Retrieved 22 October 2023 – via Twitter.
- ↑ "Let's recap what has happened so far" Archived 2023-11-07 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ↑ "3 premature babies die at Al-Shifa Hospital: Doctor". ABC News. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ↑ Magdy, Samy; Shurafa, Wafaa; Kullab, Samya. "Dwindling fuel supplies for Gaza's hospital generators put premature babies in incubators at risk". ABC News. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ↑ Rosenzweig-Ziff, Dan. "Medical workers trapped at main Gaza City hospital; IDF offers to move babies". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ↑ "No way to evacuate babies to a safer hospital: Health Ministry". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ↑ "2 premature babies die at Gaza hospital: Israeli NGO". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ↑ Yee, Vivian. "Premature Babies Are Evacuated From Embattled Hospital in Gaza". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ↑ Boxerman, Aaron (14 November 2023). "Babies are among the thousands inside Al-Shifa as Israeli troops close in". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ↑ "Israel's claims of providing incubators 'false', says al-Shifa director". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ↑ "Palestinian Red Crescent, UN agencies evacuate Al Shifa premature babies". Reuters. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ↑ Jobain, Najib; Magdy, Samy (19 November 2023). "31 'very sick' babies have been evacuated from Gaza's largest hospital, where trauma patients remain". Associated Press. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ↑ Mpoke Bigg, Matthew. "28 Premature Babies Evacuated From Gazan Hospital Arrive in Egypt". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ↑ "Two Premature Babies Died Before Evacuation From Gaza: UN". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ↑ Alsaafin, Linah; Humaid, Maram. "Emaciated but alive: Gaza mothers, premature babies reunited in Egypt". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ↑ Parker, Claire. "North Gaza hospitals have turned into 'a graveyard,' Doctors Without Borders says". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ↑ Kilbride, Erin; Van Esveld, Bill. "Birth and Death Intertwined in Gaza Strip". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ↑
- "Alarming footage shows Israel left premature babies to die alone in Gaza hospital it forcefully evacuated". The New Arab. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- "5 Premature Babies Found Dead In Gaza Hospital: Hamas Health Ministry". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- "Abandoned babies found decomposing in Gaza hospital weeks after it was evacuated". NBC News. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- "Infants were left for dead after Israel forcibly evacuated al-Nasr hospital". AJ+. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
- Kumar, Nikhil. "Five Premature Babies Found Dead, 'Partly Decomposed' in Gaza City Hospital: Report". The Messenger. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- "Decomposing Bodies of Premature Babies Discovered in Besieged Gaza Hospital". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- Russell, Lauren. "Gaza: Decomposing bodies of babies 'seen in footage' from abandoned children's hospital". Sky News. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ↑ al-Mughrabi, Nidal. "Premature Gaza babies evacuated to Egypt as Israeli tanks encircle second hospital". Reuters. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ↑ "We call for an international investigation into the responsibility of the Israeli army for leaving 5 infants to die in Gaza". Euro-Med Monitor (in Arabic). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ↑ MacDonald, Alex. "Israel-Palestine war: Five dead premature babies discovered in Gaza hospital". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ↑ "Israel Blasts 'Perverse Exploitation of Innocent Lives' After Story About Babies Found Dead in Gaza Hospital Circulates". The Algemeiner. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ↑ Berger, Miriam; Hill, Evan; Balousha, Hazem. "A Gaza hospital evacuated, four fragile lives and a grim discovery". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ↑ Goodwin, Allegra. "Infants found dead and decomposing in evacuated hospital ICU in Gaza. Here's what we know". CNN. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ↑ ICRC [@ICRC] (November 30, 2023). "We have seen the footage circulating of deceased newborn babies and claims suggesting that ICRC left or abandoned these babies at the Al Nasr Hospital in northern Gaza. This is false" (Tweet). Retrieved 30 November 2023 – via Twitter.
- ↑ "Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #69". UNOCHA. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ↑ "Press Summaries on the War on Gaza, November 22-25". Institute for Palestine Studies. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ↑ @AgnesCallamard (November 23, 2023). "This brutal annihilation of an entire populations health system stretches beyond what humanitarian aid can fix. Doctors can't stop bombs" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ↑ "Red Cross Chief Arrives In Gaza, Calls For Political Solution". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ↑ "Israeli forces battle Palestinian militants in south Gaza". France 24. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ↑ Nunn, Michelle; D’Oyen McKenna, Tjada; Egeland, Jan; Maxman, Abby; Soeripto, Janti; Konyndyk, Jeremy (11 December 2023). "We Are No Strangers to Human Suffering, but We've Seen Nothing Like the Siege of Gaza". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- ↑ "Israeli organizations to President Biden: stop the humanitarian catastrophe". B'Tselem. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ↑ "Hundreds Protest in Tel Aviv After Three Hamas Hostages Mistakenly Killed by IDF". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ↑ "Cannot call current Gaza aid 'a humanitarian response': MSF". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ↑ "Israel's war objective not to eradicate Hamas". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ↑ "Israel is starving Gaza". B'Tselem. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ↑ "Daily death toll in Gaza higher than any other major 21st-century conflict, says Oxfam". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ↑ "Daily death rate in Gaza higher than any other major 21st Century conflict - Oxfam". Oxfam. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ↑ "Middle East crisis live: maritime navigation in danger after US strikes on Yemen, says Hezbollah". MSN. The Guardian. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ↑ Egeland, Jan. "100 days of hell in Gaza". ReliefWeb. Norwegian Refugee Council. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
- ↑ Reed, John; Mehul, Srivastava (13 October 2023). "Residents flee Gaza City as Israel tells 1.1mn to leave". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ↑ "Israel-Hamas war live: Biden in Israel, anger over Gaza hospital attack". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ↑ WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean [@WHOEMRO] (October 26, 2023). "'The humanitarian and health crisis in Gaza has reached catastrophic proportions. It is our moral duty, an imperative that transcends political boundaries, to demand unobstructed access for delivering life-saving aid.' – Dr Ahmed Al-Mandhari, @WHOEMRO Regional Director" (Tweet). Retrieved 26 October 2023 – via Twitter.
- ↑ Amanpour, Christiane (21 November 2023). "UN calls for ceasefire but would welcome shorter pause to get more aid into Gaza, relief chief says". CNN. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ↑ Mance, Henry. "UN aid chief Martin Griffiths: 'The war in Gaza isn't halfway through'". Financial Times. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ↑ "UN Chief Pushes for Gaza Truce to Become Full Humanitarian Cease-fire". VOA. Reuters. 27 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ↑ "Gaza hospital conditions 'unimaginable', WHO says". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ↑ Shotter, James; Saleh, Heba. "Humanitarian system in Gaza on verge of collapse, says UN chief". Financial Times. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ↑ "Aqaba Process Joint Statement on Gaza's Humanitarian Situation". ReliefWeb. UNOCHA. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ↑ Masoud, Bassam. "Israel sharply ramps up Gaza strikes, U.S. alarmed". Reuters. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ↑ "Israel steps up southern Gaza offensive as U.S. approves arms sales". NBC News. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ↑ Cromwell, Alexander. "U.N. envoys say 'enough' to war on trip to Gaza border". Reuters. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ↑ "Gaza 'well beyond breakdown' -UN human rights chief". Reuters. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ↑ Ambrose, Tom; Ahmad, Reged; Ambrose (now), Tom; Ahmad (earlier), Reged (2023-12-19). "Israel-Gaza war live: UN agencies voice anger at attacks on Gaza hospitals as security council discusses ceasefire vote". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
- ↑ Woodward, Barbara (29 December 2023). "Many more will die from attacks, disease and famine if we do not stop the humanitarian catastrophe: UK statement at the UN Security Council". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- ↑ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Barbakh, Arafat; Williams, Dan. "Israeli jets pound central Gaza as Netanyahu indicates longer war". Reuters. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ↑ "World News in Brief: Gaza relief 'an impossible mission', COVID spreading fast again, food prices fall". UN News. United Nations. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ↑ "UNRWA in 'life-saving' mode in Gaza as humanitarian crisis deteriorates". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ↑ Andres, Paula. "Israeli strikes kill 7 civilians in West Bank, 2 journalists in Gaza". Politico. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ↑ "'Deliberate starvation not famine': UN human rights expert". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ↑ "Mr. Martin Griffiths, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator - Briefing to the UN Security Council on the humanitarian situation in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 12 January 2024". ReliefWeb. UNOCHA. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ↑ Cameron, David. "Israel must act now to let aid through and save lives in Gaza. Britain has a plan to help that happen". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- 1 2 איילנד, גיורא (10 October 2023). "זו לא נקמה. זה או אנחנו או הם". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 3 November 2023.
- ↑ Khalidi, Rashid (15 October 2023). "The U.S. Should Think Twice About Israel's Plans for Gaza". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ↑ Whitman, Ariel (10 August 2023). "Giora Eiland outlines plan to get hostages back alive". Globes. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
- ↑ McKernan, Bethan (19 November 2023). "Gaza's main hospital has become a 'death zone', says WHO". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ↑ Bar'el, Zvi. "Gaza's Humanitarian Crisis Turns Into a Strategic Weapon for Israel". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2023-11-11. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ↑ @KnessetT (October 23, 2023). ""בלי רעב וצמא אצל האוכלוסייה העזתית לא נצליח לגייס משת"פ, לא נצליח לגייס מודיעין, לא נצליח לשחד אנשים, באוכל, בשתייה, בתרופות, כדי להשיג מודיעין ואנחנו יודעים שמציאת החטופים היא מטרה עליונה וסופר חשובה לצד מטרות הלחימה." - כך אמרה ח"כ טלי גוטליב במליאת הכנסת" (Tweet) (in Hebrew) – via Twitter.
- ↑ Gontarz, Nir. "Half a Million Gazans Are Suffering From Acute Hunger. Let That Sink In". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ↑ Lederer, Edith (18 October 2023). "US vetoes UN resolution condemning Hamas' attacks on Israel and all violence against civilians". Associated Press. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ↑ Henninger, Daniel (15 November 2023). "Gaza Is the First Humanitarian-Crisis War". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ↑ Nazarro, Miranda. "Van Hollen agrees Israel should face 'consequences' over Gaza aid, civilian deaths". The Hill. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ↑ "Gaza's mayor issues urgent global appeal for fuel supplies". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ↑ "Palestinian Foreign Ministry: Humanitarian crisis in Rafah tests international community's credibility". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ↑ "'Hundred days of genocide in Gaza is lifetime of pain': Palestinian foreign ministry". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ↑ "Israel using self-defence argument to deepen humanitarian crisis in Gaza: PA". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
- ↑ "Safadi condemns Israeli aggression on Gaza, criticises Security Council inaction". The Jordan Times. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ↑ "David Cameron squirms as he's confronted over Israeli 'war crimes'". The National. 9 January 2024.
- ↑ "UK parliament select committee holds hearing on healthcare situation in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ↑ "Xi, Macron Discuss Israel-Hamas War In Call: State Media". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ↑ Al Arabiya reporters. (11 November 2023). "Arab, Muslim leaders slam Israel at Saudi-hosted summit on Gaza ". Al Arabiya English Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ↑ "Cyprus pushes Gaza corridor idea; leader to visit Egypt, Jordan". Reuters. 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
- ↑ "Dutch diplomat Sigrid Kaag takes up post as UN Gaza humanitarian, reconstruction coordinator". China Daily. Xinhua. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- ↑ "Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs — Codification Division Publications". legal.un.org. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
- ↑ Nichols, Michelle (2023-12-07). "UN chief rings alarm bell on global security threat from Gaza war". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
- ↑ "Gaza: Guterres invokes 'most powerful tool' Article 99, in bid for humanitarian ceasefire | UN News". news.un.org. 2023-12-06. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
- ↑ "UN secretary-general invokes Article 99 on Gaza in rare, powerful move". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
- ↑ Al-Kassab, Fatima. "What is Gaza's Rafah crossing and why is it important?". NPR. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ↑ Farrell, Stephen (November 2023). "Who controls the Rafah crossing and why is it so important to Gaza?". Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ↑ Gbadamosi, Nosmot (18 October 2023). "Why Egypt Won't Open Its Border With Gaza". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ↑ Carroll, Rory (2 November 2023). "Egypt says it will help evacuate about 7,000 foreign passport holders from Gaza". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ↑ Foy, Henry (30 October 2023). "Israel's Netanyahu lobbied EU to pressure Egypt into accepting Gaza refugees". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 "Scotland's first minister says country willing to take Gaza refugees". The Hill. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ↑ "King of Jordan on Palestine: 'No Refugees in Jordan, No Refugees in Egypt'". Morocco World News. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ↑ "Scotland's First Minister Humza Yousaf says UK should offer sanctuary for Gaza refugees". The National. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- 1 2 "'Willing to be a place of sanctuary': Scotland First Minister says ready to welcome Gaza refugees". BI. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ↑ "Dutch foreign minister says her country 'discussing' bringing wounded Palestinian children to Netherlands". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
External links
Media related to Humanitarian crises of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war at Wikimedia Commons- "A Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip", per UNICEF (30 October 2023)
- "Gaza: Unlawful Israeli Hospital Strikes Worsen Health Crisis", per Human Rights Watch (11 November 2023)
- UN relief chief: 'Intolerable' humanitarian situation in Gaza cannot continue, per UNOCHA (17 November 2023)
- "Analysis: How bad is the humanitarian crisis in Gaza amid the Israel-Hamas war?", per PBS (19 November 2023)
- "Inside a southern Gaza hospital: Screaming orphaned children, amputee toddlers and the stench of rotting flesh", per The Independent (7 December 2023)
- Interactive map of IDF attacks on healthcare facilities, per Forensic Architecture
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