2022 eruption of Mauna Loa
Mauna Loa's eruption was captured by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on December 2.
VolcanoMauna Loa
Start dateNovember 27, 2022
Start time11:30 p.m. HST
End dateDecember 13, 2022
TypeHawaiian, effusive
LocationPacific Ocean, Hawaiʻi
19°28′46″N 155°36′10″W / 19.47944°N 155.60278°W / 19.47944; -155.60278
Volume0.2–0.25 km3 (0.048–0.060 cu mi)
VEI0[1]
ImpactNo injuries or deaths, US$1.5m in estimated property damage
USGS map of eruptive activity December 12, at 9:45 a.m.

The 2022 eruption of Mauna Loa was an episode of eruptive volcanic activity at Mauna Loa, the world's largest active volcano, located on Hawaiʻi island, Hawaiʻi. Mauna Loa began to erupt shortly before midnight HST on November 27, 2022, when lava flows emerged from fissure vents in Moku‘āweoweo (Mauna Loa's summit caldera).[2][3] It marked the first eruption at the volcano in 38 years.[4] The eruption ended on December 13, 2022, after more than two weeks.

The eruption resulted in no recorded injuries or fatalities, and while it threatened equipment at Mauna Loa Observatory and the cross-island Saddle Road, it did not result in the major property damage caused by other Hawaiian eruptions such as the 2018 eruption at neighboring Kīlauea that destroyed 700 homes. The Hawaii County civil defense administrator called it "the best situation we could have asked for from Mauna Loa", and the scientist in charge of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory called it his "favorite eruption."[5]

Context

Mauna Loa is a massive shield volcano that covers half of the island of Hawaiʻi and rises to an elevation of 13,679 feet (4,169 m) above sea level, only slightly shorter than nearby Mauna Kea. When active, Mauna Loa tends to produce "voluminous, fast-moving lava flows" of the Hawaiian or effusive eruption type rather than more explosive phreatic or Plinian eruptions, though it has it produced explosive eruptions between 300 and 1,000 years ago.[4]

Before 2022, Mauna Loa had last erupted in March 1984, in a 22-day event similarly concentrated in the volcano's Northeast Rift Zone.[6] The 2022 eruption was the volcano's 34th eruption since 1843, when volcanic activity at Mauna Loa began to be continuously recorded, but only the third eruption since 1950. The 38-year span between the 1984 and 2022 eruptions was Mauna Loa's longest period of quiescence on record.[4]

Eruption

Activity increases

In mid-September, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) recorded an increase in earthquakes beneath Moku‘āweoweo and to its northwest.[7] The number of quakes rose from 10-20 per day to 40-50 per day, triggered by magma moving into Mauna Loa's summit reservoirs.[8] On October 5, prompted by the elevated seismic activity, the National Park Service closed Mauna Loa's summit and backcountry, which lie within Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park and are normally accessible on foot.[9] In early October the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) began issuing daily activity updates instead of weekly.[10] After 36 minor earthquakes were detected near Mauna Loa on October 28–29, the Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency (HCCDA) issued a volcano advisory that warned of a "state of heightened unrest" but noted that there were still no signs of an imminent eruption.[11]

Eruption begins

The eruption began at 11:30 p.m. HST on November 27.[12] Immediately after the eruption began, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory raised the volcano alert level from Advisory to Warning and the aviation color code from Yellow to Red. Active vents were initially confined to the caldera.[13] Three hours after the eruption began, lava flows at the summit could be observed from Kailua-Kona.[14] The eruption remained confined to the caldera until approximately 6:30 a.m. on November 28, when it migrated from the summit to the Northeast Rift Zone with fissures feeding new lava flows.[15]

Three fissures initially erupted on the Northeast Rift Zone, with only the lowest fissure still active as of 1:30 p.m. HST on November 28. Lava fountains also began erupting along the fissures. Most were a few meters tall, but the tallest were 100–200 feet (30–60 m) in height. A fourth fissure began erupting at approximately 7:30 p.m. HST on November 28.[16] Lava flows also emanated from the four fissures. While flows from the two higher fissures stopped approximately 11 miles (18 km) from Saddle Road,[17] flows from the third fissure continue to move and were located approximately 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from Saddle Road at 3:30 PM on November 29.[18] An ongoing earthquake swarm started at 2:25 p.m. HST, with the largest earthquake measuring a magnitude (ML) of 4.2.[19] As of November 30, at least 249 earthquakes above 1.2 in magnitude were recorded by USGS.[20] Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions measured approximately 250,000 tonnes per day on November 28,[18] which dropped to 180,000 tones per day by December 1, and to 120,000 tonnes per day by December 4.[21] Tremors were detected by the seismic monitoring in the vicinity of the then-active fissures.[22]

Spectators often noted vortices or whirlwinds near the lava flows that some speculated were small tornadoes, but the National Weather Service determined they were a kind of dust devil caused by strong surface heating from the lava that had occurred during previous Hawaiian eruptions.[23]

Eruption ends

Fissures and lava flows on Mauna Loa's Northeast Rift Zone on November 29

On December 10, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory lowered the volcano alert level from Warning to Watch, noting in a bulletin that lava and volcanic gas emissions were “greatly reduced” and that the eruption might soon come to an end.[24] A December 12 update stated, "The Northeast Rift Zone eruption of Mauna Loa may still be active at the Fissure 3 vent but all 2022 lava flows appear to be inactive" and "Tremor (a signal associated with subsurface fluid movement) is no longer detectable".[25]

Finally, on December 13, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory declared that Mauna Loa was no longer erupting and reduced the volcano alert level to Advisory, where it had been immediately prior to the eruption.[26] Lava traveled 16 miles from the eruption site, stopping 1.7 miles from Saddle Road.[27] Scientists estimate that 200-250 million cubic meters of lava flowed from the volcano over the first 12 days of the eruption, a higher-than-normal amount, but they also noted that the 2022 eruption was on par with the duration of Mauna Loa's previous eruptions.[28] The total volume of lava emitted was less than a quarter of that released during Kīlauea's 2018 eruption.[27]

Kīlauea's eruption ends

The December 12 cessation of Mauna Loa's eruption occurred alongside a pause in Kīlauea's eruption, which had been ongoing at a low level since September 29, 2021, and which emitted more than 29 billion US gal (110 billion L) of lava. Scientists said that the link between the simultaneous decreases in activity at the neighboring volcanos was "surprising and thought-provoking" but unclear, and might be a coincidence, though previous correlations in their behavior had been observed.[29] Kīlauea resumed erupting on January 5, 2023.[30]

Impacts

Hazards

Kīlauea (lower left) and Mauna Loa (upper right) erupting simultaneously on November 28

Lava flows did not threaten downslope communities, and the eruption remained confined to the Northeast Rift Zone, but USGS cautioned that gases, volcanic ash, and thin strands of volcanic glass known as Pele's hair might be carried downwind of the eruption.[2] Pele's hair was reported as far away as the community of Laupāhoehoe.[31] The National Weather Service (NWS) issued an ashfall advisory through 22:00 HST on November 28, warning that up to a quarter-inch of ash could accumulate in some parts of the island.[32]

The Hawaii Department of Transportation issued a travel advisory on the 28th, and Southwest Airlines canceled up to 10 inter-island flights between Hilo International Airport and Daniel K. Inouye International Airport in Honolulu, though Hawaiian Airlines continued to operate.[33] The Hawaii Department of Health advised the public to stay inside and close doors and windows.[34] Hawaii Governor David Ige issued an emergency proclamation in response to the eruption in order to "allow responders to respond quickly or limit access, if necessary".[35]

Closures, scientific impacts, and damage

Traffic is visible on Saddle Road as Mauna Loa erupts in the background

On the evening of November 28, a lava flow from the third fissure crossed the road leading to the Mauna Loa Observatory, disrupting power and access to the facility.[36] This disruption has halted observations taken by carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement equipment that produces the famous Keeling Curve, a graph of CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere often used to show the role of human greenhouse gas emissions in climate change.[3] Dr. Ralph Keeling, the scientist in charge of the program, said in early December that it would likely be at least several months before the equipment is restarted, and NOAA considered flying in a generator by helicopter in the meantime.[37] Various other locations were scouted to provide replacement data, such as Haleakalā on the island of Maui.[38] NOAA and the University of Hawaii eventually signed an emergency agreement to have the UH88 facility on Mauna Kea provide the missing atmospheric data until the Mauna Loa Observatory returns to operations.[39] However, the eruption was expected to provide a wealth of scientific data, including lava samples, given the increased quality and quantity of instrumentation installed at Mauna Loa since the 1984 eruption.[40][41]

The Hawaii Department of Transportation announced a plan to close Hawaii Route 200, also known as the Daniel K. Inouye Highway or Saddle Road, between mile markers 8.8 and 21 should lava threaten the highway.[42] As lava approached the highway on December 5, Governor Ige activated 20 members of the Hawai'i National Guard to assist with traffic control, among other eruption-related duties.[43] The lava flows ended up traveling 16 miles, stopping 1.7 miles short of Saddle Road. After the eruption, the Hawaii Emergency Management Agency (HI-EMA) estimated the cost of damage to private infrastructure at $1.5 million. The cost of traffic enforcement and establishment of a viewing area came to $600,000.[27]

In the first week of 2023, a joint team from HI-EMA and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) came to the island to assess damage to infrastructure. The assessment will be delivered to Governor Josh Green, who may use it to request a federal disaster declaration, allowing the state of Hawaii to recoup many eruption-related expenses from the federal government.[44]

Cultural & tourism

The eruption, which began on Hawaiian Independence Day (in Hawaiian, Lā Kūʻokoʻa), was an event of cultural and spiritual significance for many Native Hawaiians.[45][46] Mauna Loa's activity drew many visitors to the island, resulting in increased business for hotels, helicopter tourism agencies, and other businesses.[47] During the first days of the eruption, thousands of spectators clogged Saddle Road before the government moved to restrict access for emergency responders as needed.[48] An estimated 100,000 people used the newly-established viewing area over the two weeks of the eruption.[27]

References

  1. ↑ "Mauna Loa: Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
  2. 1 2 Yablonski, Steven (November 28, 2022). "Hawaii's Mauna Loa volcano erupts for first time since 1984". Fox Weather. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Mauna Loa: World's largest active volcano erupts in Hawaii". BBC News. November 28, 2022. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 "Frequently Asked Questions about Mauna Loa Volcano". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  5. ↑ "Hawaii's Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes have stopped erupting, scientists say". NPR. Associated Press. December 13, 2022. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  6. ↑ "Volcano Watch — When will Mauna Loa erupt next? | U.S. Geological Survey". USGS.gov. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. February 25, 2021. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  7. ↑ "Hawaii's Mauna Loa volcano erupts for first time in 38 years". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  8. ↑ "World's largest active volcano, Mauna Loa, erupts in Hawaii". CNBC. November 28, 2022. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  9. ↑ "Mauna Loa Summit Closed Due to Increased Seismic Activity". National Park Service - Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. October 5, 2022. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  10. ↑ "Volcano Watch – Response to Mauna Loa's 2022 eruption". U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. December 8, 2022. Archived from the original on December 18, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  11. ↑ Riess, Rebekah; Colbert, Claire (October 29, 2022). "Dozens of earthquakes detected as Hawaii's Mauna Loa, world's largest active volcano, remains in 'state of heightened unrest'". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  12. ↑ Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (November 28, 2022). "Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation Monday, November 28, 2022, 09:45 UTC – Notice Number: 2022/H602". Hazard Notification System (HANS) for Volcanoes. USGS. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  13. ↑ "World's Largest Volcano In Hawaii Erupts For 1st Time In 40 Years". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022 – via NDTV.
  14. ↑ "HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY STATUS REPORT Monday, November 28, 2022, 12:43 UTC USGS Hazard Notification System (HANS) for Volcanoes". volcanoes.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  15. ↑ Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (November 28, 2022). "VAN/VONA - Mauna Loa RED/WARNING - Eruption moved to Northeast Rift Zone – Notice Number: 2022/H603". Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. USGS. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  16. ↑ "Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Daily Update, Tuesday, November 29, 2022, 9:12 AM HST". Hazard Notification System (HANS) for Volcanoes. November 29, 2022. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  17. ↑ Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (November 28, 2022). "Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Status Report – Monday, November 28, 2022, 4:55 PM HST (Tuesday, November 29, 2022, 02:55 UTC)". Hazard Notification System (HANS) for Volcanoes. USGS. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  18. 1 2 "HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY STATUS REPORT Wednesday, November 30, 2022, 02:23 UTC USGS Hazard Notification System (HANS) for Volcanoes". volcanoes.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  19. ↑ USGS. "M 4.2 – 27 km E of Honaunau-Napoopoo, Hawaii". Earthquake Hazards Program Earthquake Event Page. USGS. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  20. ↑ USGS. "Latest Earthquakes – Search Results". Earthquake Hazards Program. USGS. Location, November 28, 2022 to January 28, 2023. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  21. ↑ "Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Status Report Tuesday, December 6, 2022, 02:23 UTC". volcanoes.usgs.gov. USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. December 6, 2022. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  22. ↑ "HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY STATUS REPORT Thursday, December 1, 2022, 02:10 UTC | USGS Hazard Notification System (HANS) for Volcanoes". volcanoes.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  23. ↑ Christophel, Nathan (December 15, 2022). "Erupting volcanoes on Big Island spark vortices nicknamed 'lava devils'". Big Island Now. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  24. ↑ "Scientists lower alert for Mauna Loa, say eruption could end". Associated Press. December 11, 2022. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  25. ↑ "U.S. Geological Survey, "Hawaii Volcano Observatory Status Report" December 12, 2022". Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  26. ↑ "HVO/USGS Volcanic Activity Notice - Volcano: Mauna Loa (VNUM #332020) - Tuesday, December 13, 2022, 7:17 AM HST". USGS Hazard Notification System (HANS) for Volcanoes. December 13, 2022. Archived from the original on December 23, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Burgos, Annalisa (December 14, 2022). "Over course of eruption, Mauna Loa lava traveled 16 miles and response cost $2M". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on December 23, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  28. ↑ Dance, Scott (December 13, 2022). "Hawaiian volcanoes suddenly go quiet, but scientists don't know exactly why". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  29. ↑ Hawaii News Now Staff (December 12, 2022). "28 billion gallons of lava later, Kilauea eruption at summit crater is on pause". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  30. ↑ Taylor, Derrick Bryson (January 6, 2023). "Hawaii Volcano Kilauea Erupts Again After Weekslong Pause". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
  31. ↑ "Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Daily Update - Tuesday, December 6, 2022, 8:32 AM HST". Hazard Notification System (HANS) for Volcanoes. U.S. Geological Survey. December 6, 2022. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  32. ↑ Taft, Molly (November 28, 2022). "Hawaii's Mauna Loa Is Erupting for First Time in Almost 40 Years". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  33. ↑ Valentino, Silas (November 28, 2022). "Southwest suspends some Hawaii flights after Mauna Loa eruption prompts advisory". SFGATE. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  34. ↑ Hauser, Christine; Rubin, April (November 29, 2022). "As Mauna Loa Erupts, Officials Warn of Air Hazards". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  35. ↑ "Governor's Office – News Release – Emergency Proclamation for Mauna Loa eruption". Office of the Governor, State of Hawai’i. November 29, 2022. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  36. ↑ "Lava crosses access road, 2 new flows emerge from Mauna Loa". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. November 29, 2022. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  37. ↑ Shao, Elena (December 2, 2022). "Mauna Loa Eruption Threatens a Famous Climate Record". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  38. ↑ Jack, Truesdale (December 26, 2022). "A Hawaiian Volcano vs. the Keeling Curve". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  39. ↑ Herald-Tribune Staff (December 18, 2022). "Maunakea telescope to gather data while Mauna Loa observatory is down". Hawaii Tribune-Herald. Archived from the original on December 31, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  40. ↑ Newcomb, Tim (November 29, 2022). "How the Mauna Loa Eruption Could Help Scientists Understand Volcanoes Like Never Before". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  41. ↑ Whang, Oliver (December 3, 2022). "With Mauna Loa's Eruption, a Rare Glimpse Into Earth". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  42. ↑ Gutierrez, Ben; Staff, H. N. N. (November 28, 2022). "State develops action plan as lava approaches key Hawaii Island highway". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  43. ↑ Elamroussi, Aya; Yan, Holly (December 6, 2022). "Hawaii activates National Guard as Mauna Loa's unpredictable lava flow creeps toward critical highway". CNN. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  44. ↑ Staff (January 4, 2023). "Inspectors to assess damage caused by Maunaloa eruption". Hawai'i Public Radio. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
  45. ↑ "As Mauna Loa erupts, Native Hawaiians honor their natural and spiritual worlds". The Guardian. Associated Press. December 2, 2022. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  46. ↑ Yam, Kimmy (December 1, 2022). "The political and spiritual symbolism of Mauna Loa's historic eruption". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  47. ↑ Martinez, Jolanie (December 5, 2022). "Sold-out bookings, full occupancy: Mauna Loa eruption proves a boon for tourism industry". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  48. ↑ "Thousands flock to Mauna Loa for selfies during dramatic eruption". The Guardian. Associated Press. November 30, 2022. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
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