Urner Barry Egg Index

In the early 2020s, an ongoing outbreak of avian influenza subtype H5N8 has been occurring at poultry farms and among wild bird populations in several countries and continents, leading to the subsequent cullings of millions of birds to prevent a pandemic similar to that of the H5N1 outbreak in 2008. The first case of human transmission of avian flu, also known as bird flu, was reported by Russian authorities in February 2021, as several poultry farm workers tested positive for the virus.

Outbreak

Early outbreak in Saudi Arabia

On 4 February 2020, the Saudi Arabian government reported an outbreak of the highly pathogenic H5N8 virus on a poultry farm. The outbreak, which occurred in the central Sudair region, killed more than 22,000 birds in a few weeks.[1]

H5N8 spreads to Russia and Central Asia

In the summer months, H5N8 was detected in wild birds in western Russia and Kazakhstan. Because this included waterbirds that migrate into northern and western Europe, it was considered likely that the virus would be detected there later in the year (as would be confirmed in October–November).[2]

International spread in late 2020 and early 2021

On October 22, the agriculture minister Carola Schouten of the Netherlands confirmed that H5N8 had been found in samples from wild birds in the country.[3] As a countermeasure, it was required that birds in poultry farms were kept indoors and isolated. From late October to mid-November, it had spread to three chicken farms and a duck farm in the country, and the 320,000 birds in the farms had been eradicated to stop the spread.[4] Shortly after the first detection in the Netherlands, it was confirmed in the United Kingdom (October: poultry; November: wild birds and poultry), Germany (October: wild birds; November: wild birds and poultry), Republic of Ireland (October and November: wild birds), Belgium (November: wild birds), Denmark (November: wild birds and poultry), France (November: poultry) and Sweden (November: poultry).[2] These outbreaks resulted in countermeasures that were similar to those already taken in the Netherlands.[5][6]

According to official confirmed reports from the Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries of Japan, multiple dead chickens were found in 49 poultry farms: 16 on Shikoku Island, 15 on Kyushu Island, ten in Kanto region, five in western Honshu, one each on Awaji Island, Gifu Prefecture and Toyama Prefecture, Japan from November 5, 2020, to February 25, 2021. According to a local official confirmed the report, these cases were the highly pathogenic H5N8 type flu.

On November 10, South Korea's agriculture ministry said it had confirmed the highly pathogenic H5N8 strain of bird flu in samples from wild birds in the central west of the country and issued its bird flu warning.[7]

On November 27, China's agriculture ministry reported that H5N8 had been found in wild swans in Shanxi province, while Norway detected its first case of the highly pathogenic H5N8 strain of bird flu in wild geese in Sandnes municipality, prompting the Norwegian Food Safety Authority to introduce a regional ban on outdoor poultry.[8][9]

On November 30, South Korea reported an outbreak of pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza at a farm in Jeongeup, North Jeolla Province, killing over 19,000 ducks.[10]

2021 outbreaks

The H5N8 avian influenza was reported in two districts of Indian state of Kerala in early January 2021 which killed hundreds of birds in late December 2020. Thousands of birds were culled. Avian influenza outbreaks of unknown subtypes were later also reported in five other states of India.[11][12][13] 160,000 birds in two poultry farms in Barwala, Panchkula and Raipur Rani are to be culled. 437,000 birds died in this poultry belt between mid-December and 8 January 2021.[14] By 9 January 2021, seven states confirmed the outbreak.[15]

On January 15, authorities in Namibia suspended the importation and transit of poultry from European countries where an outbreak of the Avian influenza subtype H5N8 has been reported.[16]

On January 20, Iraq reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N8 bird flu on a farm in the city of Samarra, which killed 63,700 birds out of the 68,800-strong flock, according to the Paris-based World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The remaining birds were subsequently culled.[17]

On February 1, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N8 in wild Swans at the Winter Palace, Beijing.[18]

On February 2, authorities in Brandenburg, Germany, culled 14,000 turkeys on a farm due to a confirmed outbreak of H5N8 in the Uckermark area.[19]

On February 9, Algeria reported an outbreak of H5N8 on a poultry farm in the town of Aïn Fakroun. The outbreak killed 50,000 birds, with the remaining 1,200 birds in the flock being culled, according to a report from the Agriculture Ministry.[20]

Afghanistan reported an outbreak of H5N8 bird flu on a poultry farm in Herat Province on February 25. The outbreak killed 794 birds, while the remaining 22,000-strong flock were subsequently culled, according to the World Organisation for Animal Health.[21]

Warwickshire, UK reported an outbreak on November 8, 2021. A 3 km protection zone and a 10 km surveillance zone have been established.[22]

Avian flu was detected at a poultry farm in Akita Prefecture in northeastern Japan, prompting the culling of roughly 143,000 chickens, according to the prefectural government on November 10, 2021.[23]

2022 outbreaks

From February to April 2022, avian flu outbreaks in United States have resulted in the culling of more than 22.8 million birds in 24 states.[24]

Avian flu has affected England. In Norfolk, Suffolk and parts of Essex, poultry has been mandated to be kept indoors after the affected areas were placed in an Avian Influenza Prevention Zone.[25]

In October 2022, wildlife experts patrolling the Norfolk Broads were looking for swans that showed signs of being ill and had to euthanatize them on the spot.[26]

2023 outbreaks

In the beginning of the year, an outbreak of H5N8 began in Argentina. In February 2023, Argentina confirmed its first poultry case in Río Negro Province and decided to suspend poultry exports due to the case. By that date, other 25 cases had been detected in wild birds across the country.[27] Currently experts are predicting large outbreaks in penguin populations on Antarctica later this year.

Human cases confirmed

On 20 February 2021, Russian authorities reported the first known human cases of H5N8 as seven farm workers tested positive. There is no evidence of human-to-human transmission and the cases were described as "mild" or asymptomatic. The World Health Organization was notified.[28][29]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Saudi Arabia reports H5N8 bird flu on farm". Khaleej Times. 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  2. 1 2 "Avian influenza overview – update on 19 November 2020, EU/EEA and the UK" (PDF). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 19 November 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  3. ↑ Ophokplicht pluimvee vanwege nieuwe vogelgriep Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine, NOS (22nd October 2020)
  4. ↑ Vogelgriep rukt op, ook mensen kunnen rol spelen bij verspreiding Archived 2021-01-14 at the Wayback Machine, NOS (14th of November 2020)
  5. ↑ "Update1-Germany may cull up to 70,000 chickens as bird flu found on another farm". SF. 17 November 2020. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  6. ↑ "Sweden culls over 3,000 turkeys as bird flu moves through northern Europe". The Poultry Site. 19 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  7. ↑ "South Korea confirms H5N8 bird flu in wild birds, issues warning". Reuters. 10 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  8. ↑ China reports H5N8 bird flu in swans in Shanxi province: agriculture ministry Archived 2020-11-29 at the Wayback Machine Reuters
  9. ↑ Norway to ban outdoor poultry after bird flu case Deccan Herald Archived 2020-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ South Korea reports bird flu outbreak on duck farm: OIE Archived 2021-01-03 at the Wayback Machine Reuters
  11. ↑ "Bird flu outbreak in Kerala: 50,000 birds to be culled in two districts". 6 January 2021. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  12. ↑ "Bird Flu in Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Rajasthan, Haryana, MP: What We Know So Far". News18. 5 January 2021. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  13. ↑ "Bird flu detected in dead migratory birds in Himachal Pradesh; outbreak reported in four states now". Firstpost. 4 January 2021. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  14. ↑ Dhaliwal, Tanbir (8 January 2021). "Death of over 4 lakh poultry birds in Panchkula's Barwala belt due to avian influenza". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  15. ↑ "Bird flu confirmed in seven states; samples from Delhi, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh sent for testing". The New Indian Express. PTI. 9 January 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  16. ↑ "Namibia suspends import, transit movement of live poultry from Europe due to avian flu outbreak". Xinhua. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  17. ↑ "Iraq reports H5N8 bird flu outbreak on farm - OIE". Reuters. 20 January 2021. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
  18. ↑ "北京市发生野生天鹅H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感疫情". 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021 – via www.moa.gov.cn.
  19. ↑ "Germany culls 14,000 turkeys after bird flu was found on another farm". Reuters. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  20. ↑ "Algeria reports H5N8 bird flu on farm -OIE". Reuters. 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  21. ↑ "Afghanistan reports H5N8 bird flu on farm: OIE". 25 February 2021. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  22. ↑ "Bird flu outbreak: Protection zone declared in Warwickshire after disease detected". Sky News. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  23. ↑ "Japan confirms season's 1st Avian flu outbreak, 143,000 birds to be culled". ANI News. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  24. ↑ Animal disease information. Avian influenza aphis.usda.gov Archived 16 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ "Bird flu: Poultry in Norfolk, Suffolk and parts of Essex to be kept indoors". BBC News. 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  26. ↑ "Swans on Norfolk Broads with symptoms of avian flu to be euthanised". BBC News. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  27. ↑ "Argentina suspends poultry exports as first industrial case of bird flu confirmed". Reuters. 28 February 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  28. ↑ "Russia reports first human cases of H5N8 bird flu". BNO News. 20 February 2021. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  29. ↑ "Human infection with avian influenza A (H5N8) – the Russian Federation". World Health Organization. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
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