2009 Sumatra earthquakes
A government building damaged by the earthquake
2009 Sumatra earthquakes is located in Sumatra
2009 Sumatra earthquakes
2009 Sumatra earthquakes is located in Indonesia
2009 Sumatra earthquakes
UTC time2009-09-30 10:16:10
ISC event13801688
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date30 September 2009 (2009-09-30)
Local time17:16:10 WIB
Magnitude7.6 Mw[1]
Depth90 km (56 mi)[1]
Epicenter0°43′S 99°58′E / 0.71°S 99.97°E / -0.71; 99.97[1]
TypeReverse[2]
Areas affectedPadang
Padang Pariaman
Pariaman
Max. intensityVII (Very strong)[2]
Tsunami27 cm (11 in)[2]
LandslidesYes
Casualties1,115 dead
2,180 injured[3]

The first of the 2009 Sumatra earthquakes (Indonesian: Gempa bumi Sumatra 2009) occurred on 30 September off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia with a moment magnitude of 7.6 at 17:16:10 local time. The epicenter was 45 kilometres (28 mi) west-northwest of Padang, West Sumatra, and 220 kilometres (140 mi) southwest of Pekanbaru, Riau. Government and authorities confirmed 1,115 dead, 1,214 severely injured and 1,688 slightly injured.[3] The most deaths occurred in the areas of Padang Pariaman (675), Padang (313), Agam (80) and Pariaman (37).[3] In addition, around 135,000 houses were severely damaged, 65,000 houses were moderately damaged and 79,000 houses were slightly damaged.[3] An estimated 250,000 families (1,250,000 people) have been affected by the earthquake through the total or partial loss of their homes and livelihoods.[4]

Tectonic setting

Map of the Sunda megathrust and Great Sumatra fault in Sumatra

Many of Indonesia's islands, including Sumatra, are situated within a zone of high seismic activity known as the Ring of Fire.[5][6] Along the Sunda megathrust, the Indo-Australian Plate is being subducted beneath the Eurasian plate.[7] The subduction creates regular earthquakes, many of them of megathrust type. Specifically the Sumatran segment is currently experiencing a period of increased activity that began with the catastrophic 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Each earthquake of the sequence adds additional stresses to segments of the plate boundary that have not moved recently.[8]

Earthquakes

Because of its depth and the computed focal mechanism, the first earthquake is thought to have resulted from deformation within the mantle of the descending Australian plate, rather than from movement on the plate boundary itself.[9] A second event, which measured 6.6 Mw, struck the province of Jambi in central Sumatra, 01:52:29 local time on 1 October 2009 at a depth of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi), about 46 kilometres south-east of Sungaipenuh. Although it was in the same region, the United States Geological Survey specified that it was not an aftershock, as it was located too far from the initial quake.[10] The second earthquake has been linked to dextral (right-lateral) movement on the Great Sumatran fault, which takes up the strike-slip component of the convergence between the two plates.[10]

Effects

A destroyed house in Padang Pariaman (left) and the 6-story Ambacang Hotel

Tremors from the first earthquake were felt in the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, Malaysia and Singapore.[11] The management of some high-rise buildings in Singapore evacuated their staff.[12]

A tsunami watch was triggered and there was reports of house damage and fires.[13] Hotels in Padang were destroyed, and communications to the city were disrupted.[14]

Local news channel Metro TV reported fires in Padang where residents had run onto the streets as the first quake hit. Teams of rescuers from nearby branches of the National Search and Rescue Agency were deployed to Padang. It was also reported that some water pipes in Padang were broken and there was flooding in the street.[15][16] There were reports that at least two hospitals and several schools collapsed.[17]

There were landslides and collateral debris flows in the hills surrounding Lake Maninjau. The landslide in Gunung Nan Tigo, Padang Pariaman district completely destroyed some villages and caused many fatalities. Landslides also forced some roads to be closed.[18][19]

Padang's Minangkabau International Airport suffered minor damage, with parts of the ceiling in the boarding area falling down.[20] The airport reopened on 1 October.[21]

Response

U.S. airmen and Marines unload relief supplies in Padang

Authorities announced that several disaster management teams were en route to Padang although it took several hours for them to reach more remote areas.[22] Rescue workers pulled dozens of survivors from the rubble and rushed them to Djamil Hospital. The hospital itself was overwhelmed with patients, and many patients were treated in tents set up outside the hospital. A man was trapped beneath a flattened hotel for 25 hours with a broken leg before rescue workers pulled him free. The Indonesian military deployed emergency response teams with earth moving equipment to help move rubble and recover trapped victims.[23] Rescue workers and volunteers searched the rubble of a collapsed three-story concrete building, rescuing survivors and recovering bodies while parents of students trapped inside waited nearby.[24] Indonesian villagers used their bare hands to sift through ruins and try to find survivors.[25] On 5 October, Indonesian rescue workers called off their search for trapped survivors and increased efforts to recover bodies, clear rubble, and provide aid to survivors.[26] Indonesian authorities used helicopters to airdrop food and blankets into remote areas, and to bring the wounded from these areas to hospitals.[27]

World Vision, Oxfam, IFRC, Muslim Charity and Mercy Corps confirmed that they would fly their emergency response teams to the devastated Padang area for rapid assessment of the catastrophe.[28] The Red Cross sought donations to help cover earthquake relief costs.[29] World Vision also airlifted 2,000 collapsible water containers and distributed them immediately to the area most affected by earthquake. Additionally World Vision launched US$1 million appeal for the relief effort.[30]

Countries that sent aid

Below is the table of countries that sent or pledged aid for Indonesia[31]

AustraliaAustralia sent a team of 10 army engineers, a 36-member civilian search and rescue team, and HMAS Kanimbla, a Royal Australian Navy ship equipped with a hospital and a helicopter.

A 36-person urban search and rescue team and about 20 Australian Defence Force medics and engineers arrived in Padang on 3 October. Australia also provided A$250,000 to Indonesian NGO Muhammadiyah to support its medical teams and humanitarian operations and A$100,000 to the Indonesian Red Cross for its emergency response.[32]

ChinaChina provided emergency aid worth $500,000. China's Red Cross also provided $50,000[33]
DenmarkDenmark sent a six-man crew and emergency supplies.
EstoniaEstonia provided an information technology expert to Indonesia along with the UN Disaster Assessment and Co-ordination (UNDAC) team. The Foreign Ministry also decided to support victims of the earthquake in Indonesia with 1,000,000 kroons.[34]
European UnionThe EU provided emergency aid worth 3 million euros.
GermanyGermany sent emergency aid worth 1 million euros.
Hong KongHKD 4 million was channeled through World Vision Hong Kong.[35]
IrelandNoel Wardick, Head of the Irish Red Cross International Dept, went to Indonesia on 2 October. Irish Red Cross volunteers worked to rescue people and provide food, clean water, and shelter.[36]
JapanJapan sent a team of 60 search and rescue workers and 23 medical personnel. It also provided emergency goods such as tents, sleeping mats, blankets, and power generators.

A Japanese medical team of 23 doctors arrived in Pariaman on 3 October.[37]

MalaysiaMercy Malaysia deployed a two-member team to Padang on 1 October to conduct an on-the-ground assessment to determine the humanitarian needs. An initial total of RM 100,000 was allocated from the emergency fund to respond to the disaster.[38]

Malaysian Red Crescent Society deployed a five-member Regional Disaster Response Team consisting of one doctor, one nurse, and relief officers to Padang to provide emergency relief to the earthquake victims on 2 October.[39]

The State Government of Selangor allocated RM 500,000 for relief efforts in Padang.[40]

Mercy Malaysia deployed a team consisting of an orthopaedic surgeon, a general surgeon, an anesthetist, general practitioners (GPs), and nurses on 4 October to treat the earthquake victims in and around Pariaman which is located some 80 km north of Padang, Sumatra. The team brought along surgical sets and primary healthcare kits worth a total of RM 100,000.[41]

39 members of the Malaysian Search and Rescue Team (Smart) traveled to Padang to assist with the search and rescue of victims who were trapped under rubble following the 7.6-magnitude earthquake. A medical team of 17 officers from the Malaysian Armed Forces medical corps, 8 officers from Malaysian Health Ministry, 2 officers from the National Security Division, and NGO Mercy Malaysia were sent to the capital of West Sumatra.[42][43]

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in Iskandar Puteri sent 14 volunteers to Padang to help with the humanitarian relief efforts. In a statement, Deputy vice-chancellor Prof Dr. Mohd Azrai Kassim said the team of students and staff from the university would help to provide fresh water supplies.[43]

NetherlandsThe Netherlands provided 500,000 euros in emergency aid.
NorwayNorway pledged a total of NOK 20,000,000 for emergency relief efforts.[44]
QatarQatar sent an aircraft, a search and rescue team, and logistical supplies.
RussiaRussia sent two aircraft, logistical supplies, medical supplies, doctors, nurses, and a search and rescue team with sniffer dogs.
Saudi ArabiaThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia sent a maximus Aircargo plane carrying two units of trucks, one ambulance disaster response unit, a search and rescue team, medicines, and four sniffer dogs to help identify the presence of both survivors and victims under the collapsed buildings in West Sumatra.[32]
SingaporeSingapore pledged $50,000 worth of emergency relief supplies, including temporary shelters, blankets, and medicine. They also sent a 54-member medical team from the Singapore Armed Forces, 42-member Civil Defense Force search, rescue contingent, and three helicopters.[45]
South KoreaSouth Korea sent a 43-person search and rescue team and $500,000 in aid.
SwitzerlandSwitzerland sent a search and rescue team.
TaiwanTaiwan donated $150,000 to the effort.[44]
ThailandThailand sent a plane on 3 October with relief supplies worth $170,000 to Jakarta.[44]
TurkeyTurkish Red Crescent appointed an ad hoc representative to the Coordination Center operated by Indonesian Red Cross.[46]
United Arab EmiratesThe United Arab Emirates sent a 56-member search and rescue team, medical supplies, and heavy equipment.
United KingdomThe UK sent humanitarian experts to help assess the damage. The Department for International Development (DfID) team carried UK aid agency staff and rescue equipment including plastic sheeting, medical supplies, and water purifying equipment. The search and rescue team was made up of 65 firefighters.

10 volunteers from the International Rescue Corps, based in Grangemouth, Stirlingshire, also flew to Sumatra. They took specialized equipment including listening devices and camera systems which can penetrate rubble to search for trapped survivors in collapsed buildings.

SARAID (Search and Rescue Assistance in Disasters), a Southwest-based charity, mobilized a team of 10 personnel and sent over a ton of technical equipment to Padang.

Gloucester-based search and rescue specialists, Rapid-UK, sent a 16-person team to the area.[47]

United StatesThe US provided emergency aid worth $3 million. They also pledged an additional $3 million, and provided an Air Force C-130 Hercules transport aircraft, Navy C-12 transport aircraft and crew. The USS Denver and the USS McCampbell were sent to assist.[48] Eight U.S. Navy and Marine Corps helicopters from these ships delivered more than 360,000 pounds of food, water and emergency shelter supplies from disaster relief NGOs to remote regions inaccessible by land. These helicopters also flew government and NGO survey teams to conduct assessments of hard-hit areas. Indonesian military and U.S. Air Force doctors, along with Navy corpsmen, treated more than 2,000 patients at an Air Force humanitarian assistance rapid response team field hospital set up in Padang; small teams of U.S. and Indonesian medical personnel also embarked helicopters and made medical visits to a handful of remote villages, transporting injured persons back to Padang for treatment.[49][50]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 ISC (2015), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 2.0, International Seismological Centre
  2. 1 2 3 USGS. "M7.6 – southern Sumatra, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "ANTARA News: Number of fatalities in W Sumatra quake now 1,115". Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  4. ↑ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/EDIS-7WSKEP%5B%5D
  5. ↑ "Pacific Ring of Fire: Why is Indonesia prone to natural disasters?". France 24. 23 December 2018.
  6. ↑ Anthony Reid (2015). "History and Seismology in the Ring of Fire: Punctuating the Indonesian Past". In Henley, David; Nordholt, Henk Schulte (eds.). Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia: A Longue Durée Perspective. Brill. pp. 62–77. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w76vg1.8.
  7. ↑ "Subduction zone beneath Sumatra, Indonesia". Earth Observatory of Singapore.
  8. ↑ John McCloskey; Suleyman S. Nalbant; Sandy Steacy (17 March 2005). "Earthquake risk from co-seismic stress". Nature. 434 (291).
  9. ↑ McCloskey, J.; Lange, D.; Tilmann, F.; Nalbant, S. S.; Bell, A. F.; Natawidjaja, D. H.; Rietbrock, A. (2010). "The September 2009 Padang earthquake". Nature Geoscience. 3 (2): 70–71. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3...70M. doi:10.1038/ngeo753.
  10. 1 2 "Magnitude 6.6 – SOUTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA". United States Geological Survey. 1 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  11. ↑ Laing, Aislinn (30 September 2009). "More than 1,000 feared dead in Sumatra earthquake". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  12. ↑ "Powerful 7.6-magnitude quake strikes Indonesia". Channel NewsAsia. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  13. ↑ "Official tsunami watch bulletin". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.; "Indonesia 7.6 Earthquake Triggers Tsunami Alert, Panic in Padang". Jakarta Globe. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  14. ↑ Beaumont, Peter (30 September 2009). "Desperate hunt for the living as Sumatra quake toll mounts". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  15. ↑ McCurry, Justin (30 September 2009). "Thousands trapped under rubble after powerful Indonesia earthquake". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  16. ↑ Nathalia, Telly; Macfie, Nick (30 September 2009). Miglani, Sanjeev (ed.). "Quake brings down houses on Indonesia's Sumatra". Reuters. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  17. ↑ "More than 777 dead in Indonesia quake, hundreds trapped beneath rubble". Los Angeles Times. 1 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  18. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ↑ "Home" (PDF). www.coe-dmha.org.
  20. ↑ "Gulfnews: Indonesia's Padang airport closed due to quake". Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  21. ↑ "ANTARA News: Padang Airport reopened for commercial flights". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  22. ↑ Montlake, Simon (1 October 2009). "Indonesia earthquake toll rises as survivors await relief". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  23. ↑ AP (1 October 2009). "Death toll in Indonesia earthquake rises to 777". New York Post. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009.
  24. ↑ "Death toll in Indonesia earthquake hits 531". NBC News. The Associated Press. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  25. ↑ Montlake, Simon (4 October 2009). "Indonesia earthquake: Rescue teams refocus on survivors". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  26. ↑ https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/_on_re_as/as_indonesia_earthquake%5B%5D
  27. ↑ "Indonesia calls off search for missing survivors". NBC News. 5 October 2009.
  28. ↑ "Officials: Indonesia quake toll could soar". CNN. 30 September 2009.
  29. ↑ "International Response Fund". American Red Cross. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  30. ↑ "Indonesia: Padang devastated by aftershock, World Vision says 'water a major concern'". World Vision. 2 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  31. ↑ "List of countries that have sent aid to Indonesia". CBS News. Associated Press. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  32. 1 2 "World Shows Solidarity Over West Sumatra Earthquake". BERNAMA. 3 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  33. ↑ "China Offers Emergency Humanitarian Aid to Indonesia". PERMANENT MISSION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA TO THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT GENEVA AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN SWITZERLAND. 2 October 2009.
  34. ↑ "Estonia provides aid to victims of Indonesia earthquake". ReliefWeb. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  35. ↑ "Emergency relief for earthquake victims in Indonesia". www.info.gov.hk.
  36. ↑ "Irish Red Cross responds to rise in earthquake victims". ReliefWeb. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  37. ↑ "Japanese medical team arrives in quake-hit Pariaman". ReliefWeb. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  38. ↑ "Mercy Malaysia sends assessment team to Padang, Indonesia in response to earthquake". ReliefWeb. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  39. ↑ "RMAF to evacuate students, aid on the way to Indonesia (Updated)". The Star. 1 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  40. ↑ "A chance to demonstrate Malaysian goodwill". Malaysian Insider. 2 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  41. ↑ "Mercy Malaysia sending surgical and medical team to Pariaman". ReliefWeb. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  42. ↑ "Malaysia channels three types of assistance to Indonesia". New Straits Times. 3 October 2009. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  43. 1 2 "PM Wants More Medical Personnel To Be Sent To Padang". BERNAMA. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  44. 1 2 3 "More countries pledge aid for quake victims". The Jakarta Post. 3 October 2009. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  45. ↑ "S'pore team in Indonesia to help quake victims". AsiaOne. 3 October 2009. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  46. ↑ "Turkish Red Crescent West Sumatra earthquake Activity Report No. 1". ReliefWeb. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  47. ↑ "UK rescue team head to Indonesia". BBC. 2 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  48. ↑ McMichael, William H. (2 October 2009). "Pacific Command sends aid to storm-torn areas". Navy Times. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  49. ↑ Department of Defense (22 October 2009). "DoD Bloggers Roundtable" (PDF). Department of Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  50. ↑ MCC Ty Swartz (16 October 2009). "Navy Wraps Up Indonesian Relief Mission". Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
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