2002–03 San Antonio Spurs season
NBA champions
Conference champions
Division champions
Head coachGregg Popovich
General managerR. C. Buford
PresidentGregg Popovich
Owner(s)Peter Holt
ArenaSBC Center
Results
Record60–22 (.732)
PlaceDivision: 1st (Midwest)
Conference: 1st (Western)
Playoff finishNBA Champions
(Defeated Nets 4–2)
Stats at Basketball-Reference.com
Local media
TelevisionFox Sports Net Southwest, KENS, KRRT
RadioKLEY

The 2002–03 NBA season was the 36th season of the franchise, 30th in San Antonio, and 27th in the National Basketball Association.[1] This was also the Spurs' first season playing at the SBC Center (now AT&T Center). During the off-season, the team signed free agents Kevin Willis,[2] acquired second-year guard Speedy Claxton from the Philadelphia 76ers,[3] and re-acquired former Spurs guard and three-point specialist Steve Kerr from the Portland Trail Blazers.[4][5] Argentinian future star Manu Ginóbili, who was drafted by the team in 1999, would make his debut for his first NBA season.[6] This would also be the fourteenth and final season for former All-Star center, and long-time Spurs star David Robinson.[7][8][9] The Spurs played strong basketball, posting a nine-game winning streak at midseason, holding a 33–16 record at the All-Star break,[10] then winning eleven straight games near the end of the season. The Spurs would win 60 games for only the second time in franchise history, finishing with a league-best 60–22 record.[11]

The season saw Tim Duncan earn his second consecutive NBA MVP Award, averaging 23.3 points, 12.9 rebounds and 2.9 blocks per game.[12][13][14] He was named to the All-NBA First Team, the NBA All-Defensive First Team, and was selected for the 2003 NBA All-Star Game.[15] In addition, second-year guard Tony Parker showed improvement, averaging 15.5 points and 5.3 assists per game, while Stephen Jackson provided the team with 11.8 points and 1.6 steals per game, and sixth man Malik Rose contributed 10.4 points and 6.4 rebounds per game off the bench. Robinson averaged 8.5 points, 7.9 rebounds and 1.7 blocks per game, which were career lows, while Ginóbili contributed 7.6 points per game off the bench, and was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team, and Bruce Bowen provided with 7.1 points per game, and was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team.[16] Head coach Gregg Popovich was named Coach of the Year.[17][18] Duncan also finished in fourth place in Defensive Player of the Year voting,[19] while Parker finished in fourth place in Most Improved Player voting.[20] This season marked the official beginning of the Big Three era, and the end of the Twin Towers era. The trio of Duncan, Parker, and Ginóbili would lead the Spurs to win 3 more championships (2005, 2007, and 2014).

In the Western Conference First Round of the playoffs, the Spurs defeated the Phoenix Suns in six games after losing Game 1 in overtime,[21][22][23] then defeated the defending three-time NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Semi-finals in six games.[24][25][26] In the Western Conference Finals, they defeated the Dallas Mavericks in six games to advance to the NBA Finals,[27][28][29] where they beat the New Jersey Nets in six games and won their second championship, their first title since 1999 NBA Finals.[7][30][31] Following the season, Jackson signed as a free agent with the Atlanta Hawks,[32] while Steve Smith signed with the New Orleans Hornets,[33] and Robinson, Kerr and Danny Ferry all retired.

For the season, the Spurs changed their primary logo, adding black and silver colors,[34] and slightly changed their uniforms.[35][36] The primary logo remained in use until 2017, while the uniforms lasted until 2010.

NBA draft

Round Pick Player Position Nationality College
1 26 John Salmons SG/SF  United States Miami
2 55 Luis Scola F  Argentina TAU Cerámica (Spain)
2 56 Randy Holcomb F  United States San Diego State

Roster

2002–03 San Antonio Spurs roster
Players Coaches
Pos.No.NameHeightWeightDOBFrom
C 34 Bateer, Mengke 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) 290 lb (132 kg) 1975–11–20 China
SF 12 Bowen, Bruce 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 200 lb (91 kg) 1971–06–14 Cal State Fullerton
PG 10 Claxton, Speedy 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) 166 lb (75 kg) 1978–05–08 Hofstra
PF 21 Duncan, Tim (C) 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) 255 lb (116 kg) 1976–04–25 Wake Forest
SF 35 Ferry, Danny 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 235 lb (107 kg) 1966–10–17 Duke
SG 20 Ginóbili, Manu 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 200 lb (91 kg) 1977–07–28 Argentina
SG 3 Jackson, Stephen 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 220 lb (100 kg) 1978–04–05 Butler CC
PG 25 Kerr, Steve 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 175 lb (79 kg) 1965–09–27 Arizona
PG 9 Parker, Tony 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 185 lb (84 kg) 1982–05–17 France
C 50 Robinson, David (C) 7 ft 1 in (2.16 m) 235 lb (107 kg) 1965–08–06 Navy
PF 31 Rose, Malik 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 250 lb (113 kg) 1974–11–23 Drexel
SG 8 Smith, Steve 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 200 lb (91 kg) 1969–03–31 Michigan State
C 42 Willis, Kevin 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) 245 lb (111 kg) 1962–09–06 Michigan State
Head coach
Assistant coach(es)
Legend
  • (C) Team captain
  • (DP) Unsigned draft pick
  • (FA) Free agent
  • (S) Suspended
  • Injured Injured

Roster
Last transaction: {{{access-date}}}

Regular season

Standings

Midwest Division
 W L PCT GB Home Road Div
y-San Antonio Spurs 6022.732–33–827–1417–7
x-Dallas Mavericks 6022.732–33–827–1418–6
x-Minnesota Timberwolves 5131.622933–818–2315–9
x-Utah Jazz 4735.5731329–1218–2315–9
Houston Rockets 4339.5241728–1315–2611–13
Memphis Grizzlies 2854.3413220–218–335–17
Denver Nuggets 1765.2074313–284–373–21
#
Western Conference
Team W L PCT GB
1 z-San Antonio Spurs6022.732–
2 y-Sacramento Kings5923.7201
3 x-Dallas Mavericks6022.732–
4 x-Minnesota Timberwolves5131.6229
5 x-Los Angeles Lakers5032.61010
6 x-Portland Trail Blazers5032.61010
7 x-Utah Jazz4735.57313
8 x-Phoenix Suns4438.53716
9 Houston Rockets4339.52417
10 Seattle SuperSonics4042.48820
11 Golden State Warriors3844.46322
12 Memphis Grizzlies2854.34132
13 Los Angeles Clippers2755.32933
14 Denver Nuggets1765.20743

Record vs. opponents

2002–03 NBA Records
Team ATL BOS CHI CLE DAL DEN DET GSW HOU IND LAC LAL MEM MIA MIL MIN NJN NOH NYK ORL PHI PHO POR SAC SAS SEA TOR UTA WAS
Atlanta —0–32–24–00–22–01–30–21–12–22–01–11–11–32–20–21–32–21–32–13–10–20–21–11–11–11–31–12–2
Boston 3–0—2–24–00–21–12–21–10–22–22–01–12–02–21–22–01–33–14–03–22–20–21–10–20–22–01–21–11–3
Chicago 2–22–2—3–10–21–10–41–11–12–20–21–11–11–22–20–22–21–32–11–31–31–11–10–20–20–22–21–11–3
Cleveland 0–40–41–3—0–21–10–41–11–10–42–01–10–21–20–40–22–21–31–20–40–40–20–20–20–21–13–11–10–4
Dallas 2–02–02–02–0—4–02–04–04–01–14–01–34–02–00–22–22–02–02–01–12–02–22–21–32–22–22–02–22–0
Denver 0–21–11–11–10–4—0–20–40–41–11–30–42–22–01–10–40–20–20–20–20–21–32–20–41–31–31–10–41–1
Detroit 3–12–24–04–00–22–0—1–12–02–21–11–12–03–11–31–12–12–22–22–12–21–10–21–10–21–13–12–03–1
Golden State 2–01–11–11–10–44–01–1—1–31–12–22–22–21–10–21–31–11–12–01–12–02–20–40–41–32–22–02–22–0
Houston 1–12–01–11–10–44–00–23–1—1–12–22–23–11–11–12–21–11–10–22–02–03–11–32–21–32–22–01–31–1
Indiana 2–22–22–24–01–11–12–21–11–1—2–00–21–14–03–12–01–23–13–12–12–21–10–20–20–22–03–11–12–2
L.A. Clippers 0–20–22–00–20–43–11–12–22–20–2—0–42–22–01–11–31–11–11–11–10–21–31–31–31–31–31–11–30–2
L.A. Lakers 1–11–11–11–13–14–01–12–22–22–04–0—4–01–12–02–20–21–11–11–11–13–12–22–20–42–22–03–11–1
Memphis 1–10–21–12–00–42–20–22–21–31–12–20–4—2–02–00–41–11–11–12–00–21–31–30–41–31–31–11–31–1
Miami 3–12–22–12–10–20–21–31–11–10–40–21–10–2—1–31–10–40–42–20–40–42–00–21–10–20–24–00–21–3
Milwaukee 2–22–12–24–02–01–13–12–01–11–31–10–20–23–1—0–22–22–23–12–22–20–22–00–20–21–12–20–22–1
Minnesota 2–00–22–02–02–24–01–13–12–20–23–12–24–01–12–0—0–21–12–01–11–13–13–12–22–22–21–11–32–0
New Jersey 3–13–12–22–20–22–01–21–11–12–11–12–01–14–02–22–0—2–23–12–21–31–12–00–21–11–14–00–23–1
New Orleans 2–21–33–13–10–22–02–21–11–11–31–11–11–14–02–21–12–2—3–11–32–12–00–21–10–22–04–02–02–1
New York 3–10–41–22–10–22–02–20–22–01–31–11–11–12–21–30–21–31–3—2–22–22–00–21–12–01–13–11–12–2
Orlando 1–22–33–14–01–12–01–21–10–21–21–11–10–24–02–21–12–23–12–2—2–20–20–21–10–22–02–21–12–2
Philadelphia 1–32–23–14–00–22–02–20–20–22–22–01–12–04–02–21–13–11–22–22–2—0–22–00–21–11–13–01–14–0
Phoenix 2–02–01–12–02–23–11–12–21–31–13–11–33–10–22–01–31–10–20–22–02–0—3–12–23–11–31–11–31–1
Portland 2–01–11–12–02–22–22–04–03–12–03–12–23–12–00–21–30–22–02–02–00–21–3—1–32–24–02–01–31–1
Sacramento 1–12–02–02–03–14–01–14–02–22–03–12–24–01–12–02–22–01–11–11–12–02–23–1—1–33–11–13–12–0
San Antonio 1–12–02–02–02–23–12–03–13–12–03–14–03–12–02–02–21–12–00–22–01–11–32–23–1—3–12–04–01–1
Seattle 1–10–22–01–12–23–11–12–22–20–23–12–23–12–01–12–21–10–21–10–21–13–10–41–31–3—2–02–21–1
Toronto 3–12–12–21–30–21–11–30–20–21–31–10–21–10–42–21–10–40–41–32–20–31–10–21–10–20–2—0–23–1
Utah 1–11–11–11–12–24–00–22–23–11–13–11–33–12–02–03–12–00–21–11–11–13–13–11–30–42–22–0—1–1
Washington 2–23–13–14–00–21–11–30–21–12–22–01–11–13–11–20–21–31–22–22–20–41–11–10–21–11–11–31–1—

Game log

October

Record: 1–1; Home: 0–1; Road: 1–0

November

Record: 10–6; Home: 6–2; Road: 4–4

December

Record: 8–6; Home: 5–1; Road: 3–5

January

Record: 11–3; Home: 5–1; Road: 6–2

February

Record: 9–1; Home: 3–0; Road: 6–1

March

Record: 14–3; Home: 9–3; Road: 5–0

April

Record: 7–2; Home: 3–1; Road: 6–1

Playoffs

2003 playoff game log
First Round: 4–2 (home: 2–1; road: 2–1)
GameDateTeamScoreHigh pointsHigh reboundsHigh assistsLocation
Attendance		Series
1 April 19 Phoenix L 95–96 (OT) Stephen Jackson (23) Tim Duncan (13) Tony Parker (7) SBC Center
19,217		 0–1
2 April 21 Phoenix W 84–76 Stephen Jackson (23) Tim Duncan (12) Speedy Claxton (7) SBC Center
19,217		 1–1
3 April 25 @ Phoenix W 99–86 Tony Parker (29) Tim Duncan (23) Tim Duncan (6) America West Arena
19,023		 2–1
4 April 27 @ Phoenix L 84–86 Tim Duncan (24) Tim Duncan (11) Manu Ginóbili (5) America West Arena
18,756		 2–2
5 April 29 Phoenix W 94–82 Malik Rose (27) Tim Duncan (17) Tim Duncan (6) SBC Center
19,217		 3–2
6 May 1 @ Phoenix W 87–85 Stephen Jackson (21) Tim Duncan (20) Tim Duncan (10) America West Arena
18,913		 4–2
Conference Semifinals: 4–2 (home: 3–0; road: 1–2)
GameDateTeamScoreHigh pointsHigh reboundsHigh assistsLocation
Attendance		Series
1 May 5 L.A. Lakers W 87–82 Tim Duncan (28) David Robinson (11) Tim Duncan (7) SBC Center
18,797		 1–0
2 May 7 L.A. Lakers W 114–95 Bruce Bowen (27) Tim Duncan (13) Tim Duncan (7) SBC Center
18,797		 2–0
3 May 9 @ L.A. Lakers L 95–110 Tim Duncan (28) Tim Duncan (11) Jackson, Parker (4) Staples Center
18,997		 2–1
4 May 11 @ L.A. Lakers L 95–99 Tim Duncan (36) Stephen Jackson (10) Tim Duncan (5) Staples Center
18,997		 2–2
5 May 13 L.A. Lakers W 96–94 Tim Duncan (27) Tim Duncan (14) Tim Duncan (5) SBC Center
18,797		 3–2
6 May 15 @ L.A. Lakers W 110–82 Tim Duncan (37) Tim Duncan (16) Tony Parker (5) Staples Center
18,997		 4–2
Conference Finals: 4–2 (home: 1–2; road: 3–0)
GameDateTeamScoreHigh pointsHigh reboundsHigh assistsLocation
Attendance		Series
1 May 19 Dallas L 110–113 Tim Duncan (40) Tim Duncan (15) Tim Duncan (7) SBC Center
18,797		 0–1
2 May 21 Dallas W 119–106 Tim Duncan (32) Tim Duncan (15) Duncan, Jackson (5) SBC Center
18,797		 1–1
3 May 23 @ Dallas W 96–83 Tim Duncan (34) Tim Duncan (24) Tim Duncan (6) American Airlines Center
20,695		 2–1
4 May 25 @ Dallas W 102–95 Tony Parker (25) Tim Duncan (20) Tim Duncan (7) American Airlines Center
20,561		 3–1
5 May 27 Dallas L 91–103 Tim Duncan (23) Tim Duncan (15) three players tied (6) SBC Center
18,797		 3–2
6 May 29 @ Dallas W 90–78 Stephen Jackson (24) Duncan, Rose (11) three players tied (4) American Airlines Center
20,812		 4–2
NBA Finals: 4–2 (home: 2–1; road: 2–1)
GameDateTeamScoreHigh pointsHigh reboundsHigh assistsLocation
Attendance		Series
1 June 4 New Jersey W 101–89 Tim Duncan (32) Tim Duncan (20) Tim Duncan (6) SBC Center
18,797		 1–0
2 June 6 New Jersey L 85–87 Tony Parker (21) Tim Duncan (12) Tony Parker (5) SBC Center
18,797		 1–1
3 June 8 @ New Jersey W 84–79 Tony Parker (26) Tim Duncan (16) Tim Duncan (7) Continental Airlines Arena
19,280		 2–1
4 June 11 @ New Jersey L 76–77 Tim Duncan (23) Tim Duncan (16) Parker, Jackson (3) Continental Airlines Arena
19,280		 2–2
5 June 13 @ New Jersey W 93–83 Tim Duncan (29) Tim Duncan (17) Duncan, Parker (4) Continental Airlines Arena
19,280		 3–2
6 June 15 New Jersey W 88–77 Tim Duncan (21) Tim Duncan (20) Tim Duncan (10) SBC Center
18,797		 4–2
2003 schedule

Player stats

Legend
  GP Games played   GS  Games started  MPG  Minutes per game
 FG%  Field-goal percentage  3P%  3-point field-goal percentage  FT%  Free-throw percentage
 RPG  Rebounds per game  APG  Assists per game  SPG  Steals per game
 BPG  Blocks per game  PPG  Points per game

Regular season

Player GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG
Mengke Bateer 1203.8.235.333.000.8.3.0.0.8
Bruce Bowen 828231.3.466.441.4042.91.4.8.57.1
Speedy Claxton 30015.7.462.000.6841.92.5.7.25.8
Tim Duncan 818139.3.513.273.71012.93.9.72.9323.3
Danny Ferry 6419.4.355.350.7691.2.3.1.11.9
Manu Ginóbili 69520.7.438.345.7372.32.01.3.37.6
Stephen Jackson 805828.2.435.320.7603.62.31.6.411.8
Steve Kerr 75012.7.430.395.882.8.9.4.044.0
Tony Parker 828233.8.464.337.7552.65.3.9.115.5
David Robinson 646426.2.469.000.7107.91.0.81.78.5
Malik Rose 791324.5.459.400.7916.41.6.7.510.4
Steve Smith 531819.5.388.331.8331.91.3.5.26.8
Kevin Willis 71611.8.479.000.6143.2.3.3.34.2

Playoffs

Player GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG
Bruce Bowen 242431.3.372.438.5482.91.6.8.76.9
Speedy Claxton 24013.6.438.000.7501.91.9.7.25.2
Tim Duncan 242442.5.529.000.67715.45.3.63.324.7
Danny Ferry 1616.3.286.286.0001.4.4.1.01.3
Manu Ginóbili 24027.5.386.384.7573.82.91.7.49.4
Stephen Jackson 242433.8.414.336.8034.12.71.4.412.8
Steve Kerr 1004.6.636.833.750.3.6.1.02.2
Tony Parker 242433.9.403.268.7132.83.5.9.114.7
David Robinson 232323.4.542.000.6676.6.9.81.47.8
Malik Rose 24023.3.419.000.7665.81.0.7.59.3
Steve Smith 907.3.208.1671.000.8.7.1.01.8
Kevin Willis 1805.1.5251.0001.0001.7.1.1.12.6

NBA Finals

The Spurs visit the White House after their championship in 2003.

Summary

The following scoring summary is written in a line score format, except that the quarter numbers are replaced by game numbers.

Team Game 1 Game 2 Game 3 Game 4 Game 5 Game 6 Wins
San Antonio (West) 101858476 93884
New Jersey (East) 89877977 8377 2

Schedule

Award winners

Transactions

Overview

Players Added

Via draft

Via trade

Via free agency

 Players Lost

Via trade

Via free agency

Player Transactions Citation:[37]

References

  1. ↑ "2002–03 San Antonio Spurs".
  2. ↑ "Spurs Sign C-F Kevin Willis". United Press International. August 27, 2002. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  3. ↑ "NBA Draft". Los Angeles Times. June 28, 2002. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  4. ↑ "Blazers Acquire Daniels from Spurs". United Press International. August 5, 2002. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  5. ↑ "Spurs Trade Daniels to Portland". CBC. August 6, 2002. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  6. ↑ "WESTERN CONFERENCE: Team-by-Team Preview". The New York Times. October 28, 2002. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  7. 1 2 "Spurs Defeat Nets to Win N.B.A. Title". The New York Times. Associated Press. June 15, 2003. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  8. ↑ Wilbon, Michael (March 30, 2003). "San Antonio Salutes Its Admiral One Last Time". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  9. ↑ Wilbon, Michael (June 8, 2003). "Admiral Won't Be Setting Sail Anytime Soon". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  10. ↑ "NBA Games Played on February 6, 2003". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  11. ↑ "2002–03 San Antonio Spurs Schedule and Results". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
  12. ↑ "PRO BASKETBALL; Duncan Is M.V.P. Once Again". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 5, 2003. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  13. ↑ Teaford, Elliott (May 4, 2003). "Duncan to Win Second MVP in a Row". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  14. ↑ "NBA MVP & ABA Most Valuable Player Award Winners". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  15. ↑ "2003 NBA All-Star Game: West 155, East 145 (2OT)". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  16. ↑ "2002–03 San Antonio Spurs Roster and Stats". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
  17. ↑ "N.B.A.: ROUNDUP; Popovich Is Coach of the Year". The New York Times. Associated Press. April 29, 2003. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  18. ↑ "NBA & ABA Coach of the Year Award Winners". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  19. ↑ "Wallace Chosen Best Defender". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. April 24, 2003. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  20. ↑ "2002–03 NBA Awards Voting". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  21. ↑ "PRO BASKETBALL; Spurs Finish Suns' Season". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 2, 2003. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  22. ↑ Teaford, Elliott (May 2, 2003). "Another Shot at Champs". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  23. ↑ Magruder, Jack (May 2, 2003). "Duncan Dominates, Suns Eliminated". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  24. ↑ Broussard, Chris (May 16, 2003). "PRO BASKETBALL; Spurs End Lakers' Dream Run". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  25. ↑ Brown, Tim (May 16, 2003). "Fourclosed!: Three-Year Championship Run Comes to a Stunning End as Duncan Plays Like the MVP, and Spurs Makes It a Blowout". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  26. ↑ Neiman, David (May 16, 2003). "A Four-Gone Conclusion". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  27. ↑ "Kerr's Shooting Helps Spurs Advance Past Mavericks, 90-78". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 29, 2003. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  28. ↑ Heisler, Mark (May 30, 2003). "Mavericks Collapse in Biggest of Ways". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  29. ↑ Wyche, Steve (May 30, 2003). "Spurs Rally, Finish the Mavericks". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  30. ↑ Heisler, Mark (June 16, 2003). "Spurs Reduce the 'Risk". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  31. ↑ "San Antonio 88, New Jersey 77". United Press International. June 15, 2003. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  32. ↑ "Hawks Ink Stephen Jackson". United Press International. October 3, 2003. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
  33. ↑ "Transactions". The New York Times. October 30, 2003. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
  34. ↑ "San Antonio Spurs Logo". Chris Creamer's Sports Logos Page - SportsLogos.Net. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  35. ↑ "San Antonio Spurs Uniform". Chris Creamer's Sports Logos Page - SportsLogos.Net. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  36. ↑ "San Antonio Spurs Uniform". Chris Creamer's Sports Logos Page - SportsLogos.Net. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  37. ↑ "2002–03 San Antonio Spurs Transactions". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
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