1864 United States presidential election
November 8, 1864
234 members[lower-alpha 1] (+17 invalidated)[lower-alpha 2] of the Electoral College
118 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout73.8%[3] Decrease 7.4 pp
 
Nominee Abraham Lincoln George B. McClellan
Party National Union Democratic
Home state Illinois New Jersey
Running mate Andrew Johnson George H. Pendleton
Electoral vote 212[lower-alpha 1] (+17 invalidated)[lower-alpha 2] 21
States carried 22 (+2 invalidated)[lower-alpha 2] 3
Popular vote 2,218,388 1,812,807
Percentage 55.1% 44.9%
Presidential election results map. Dark red denotes states won by Lincoln/Johnson, blue denotes those won by McClellan/Pendleton, and brown denotes non-voting Confederate states. The states of Louisiana and Tennessee, which had recently been captured from Confederate control, held elections; however, no electoral votes were counted from them.[2] One of Nevada's three electors was snowbound and unable to cast a vote for President or Vice President.[1] Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state.
President before election

Abraham Lincoln
Republican

 Elected President

Abraham Lincoln
National Union

The 1864 United States presidential election was the 20th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1864. Near the end of the American Civil War, incumbent President Abraham Lincoln of the National Union Party easily defeated the Democratic nominee, former General George B. McClellan, by a wide margin of 212–21 in the electoral college, with 55% of the popular vote. For the election, the Republican Party and some Democrats created the National Union Party, especially to attract War Democrats.

Despite some intra-party opposition from Salmon Chase and the Radical Republicans, Lincoln won his party's nomination at the 1864 National Union National Convention. Rather than re-nominate Vice President Hannibal Hamlin, the convention selected Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, a War Democrat, as Lincoln's running mate. John C. Frémont started to run as the nominee of the new Radical Democracy Party, which criticized Lincoln for being too moderate on the issue of racial equality, but Frémont withdrew from the race in September and that new party dissolved. The Democrats were divided between the Copperheads, who favored immediate peace with the Confederacy, and War Democrats, who supported the war. The 1864 Democratic National Convention nominated McClellan, a War Democrat, but adopted a platform advocating peace with the Confederacy, which McClellan rejected. The Confederacy seemed to have survival potential in summer 1864, but was visibly collapsing by election day in November.

Despite his early fears of defeat, Lincoln won strong majorities in the popular and electoral vote, partly as a result of the recent Union victory at the Battle of Atlanta.[4] As the Civil War was still raging, no electoral votes were counted from any of the eleven southern states that had joined the Confederate States of America.[2] Lincoln's re-election ensured that he would preside over the successful conclusion of the Civil War.

Lincoln's victory made him the first president to win re-election since Andrew Jackson in 1832, as well as the first Northern president to ever win re-election. Lincoln was assassinated less than two months into his second term, and he was succeeded by his vice president, Andrew Johnson, who favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the former slaves. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.

Background

The 1864 presidential election took place during the American Civil War. According to the Miller Center for the study of the presidency, the election was noteworthy for occurring at all, an unprecedented democratic exercise in the midst of a civil war.[5]

A group of Republican dissidents who called themselves Radical Republicans formed a party named the Radical Democracy Party and nominated John C. Frémont as their candidate for president. Frémont later withdrew and endorsed Lincoln. In the Southern Border States, War Democrats joined with Republicans as the National Union Party, with Lincoln at the head of the ticket.[6] The National Union Party was a temporary name used to attract War Democrats and Southern Border State Unionists who would not vote for the Republican Party. It faced off against the regular Democratic Party, including Peace Democrats.

Nominations

The 1864 presidential election conventions of the parties are considered below in order of the party's popular vote.

National Union Party nomination

1864 National Union Party ticket
Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson
for President for Vice President
16th
President of the United States
(1861–1865)		 Military Governor of Tennessee
(1862–1865)

National Union candidates:

  • Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States
  • Ulysses S. Grant, Commanding General from Illinois

Temporary split in the Republican Party

As the Civil War progressed, political opinions within the Republican Party began to diverge. Senators Charles Sumner and Henry Wilson from Massachusetts wanted the Republican Party to advocate constitutional amendments to prohibit slavery and guarantee racial equality before the law. Initially, not all northern Republicans supported such measures.

Democratic leaders hoped that the radical Republicans would put forth their own ticket in the election. The New York World newspaper, particularly interested in undermining the National Union Party, ran a series of articles predicting a delay for the National Union Convention until late in 1864 to allow Frémont time to collect delegates to win the nomination. Frémont supporters in New York City established a newspaper called the New Nation, which declared in one of its initial issues that the National Union Convention would be a "nonentity". The New York World also published false information (further purported by Samuel S. Cox) to limit Lincoln's popularity.[7]

National Union Party

Lincoln and Johnson campaign poster

Before the election, some War Democrats joined the Republicans to form the National Union Party.[8] With the outcome of the Civil War still in doubt, some political leaders, including Salmon P. Chase, Benjamin Wade, and Horace Greeley, opposed Lincoln's re-nomination on the grounds that he could not win. Chase himself became the only candidate to contest Lincoln's re-nomination actively, but he withdrew in March when a slew of Republican officials, including some within the state of Ohio upon whom Chase's campaign depended, endorsed Lincoln for re-nomination. Lincoln was still popular with most members of the Republican Party, and the National Union Party nominated him for a second term as president at their convention in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 7–8, 1864.[9] The party platform included these goals: "pursuit of the war, until the Confederacy surrendered unconditionally; a constitutional amendment for the abolition of slavery; aid to disabled Union veterans; continued European neutrality; enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine; encouragement of immigration; and construction of a transcontinental railroad." It also praised the use of black troops and Lincoln's management of the war.[10]

With incumbent vice president Hannibal Hamlin remaining indifferent about the prospect of a second term in office, Andrew Johnson, the former senator from and current military governor of Tennessee, was named as Lincoln's vice presidential running-mate. He had been governor of Tennessee from 1853 to 1857 and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857. In his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. When the Southern slave states, including Tennessee, seceded, he remained firmly with the Union. He was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his state's secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as military governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. In 1864, Johnson was a logical choice as running mate for Lincoln, who wished to send a message of national unity in his re-election campaign, especially to ensure the electoral votes of the border states.

Others who were considered for the nomination, at one point or another, were former Senator Daniel Dickinson, Major General Benjamin Butler, Major General William Rosecrans, Joseph Holt, and former Treasury Secretary and Senator John Dix.


Democratic Party nomination

1864 Democratic Party ticket
George B. McClellan George H. Pendleton
for President for Vice President
4th
Commanding General of the U.S. Army
(1861–1862)		 U.S. Representative
for Ohio's 1st
(1857–1865)
Campaign

Democratic presidential candidates:

  • George B. McClellan, General from New Jersey
  • Thomas H. Seymour, Former Governor of Connecticut
"How the War Commenced and How Near It Is Ended" published by the National Union Executive Committee.

The Democratic Party was bitterly split between War Democrats and Peace Democrats, a group further divided among competing factions. Moderate Peace Democrats who supported the war against the Confederacy, such as Horatio Seymour, were preaching the wisdom of a negotiated peace. After the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, moderate Peace Democrats proposed a negotiated peace that would secure Union victory. They believed this was the best course of action, because an armistice could finish the war without devastating the South.[11] Radical Peace Democrats known as Copperheads, such as Thomas H. Seymour, declared the war to be a failure and favored an immediate end to hostilities without securing Union victory.[12]

McClellan and Pendleton campaign poster

George B. McClellan vied for the presidential nomination. Additionally, friends of Horatio Seymour insisted on placing his name before the convention, which was held in Chicago, Illinois, on August 29–31, 1864. But on the day before the organization of that body, Horatio Seymour announced positively that he would not be a candidate.

Since the Democrats were divided by issues of war and peace, they sought a strong candidate who could unify the party. The compromise was to nominate pro-war General George B. McClellan for president and anti-war Representative George H. Pendleton for vice president. McClellan, a War Democrat, was nominated for president over the Copperhead Thomas H. Seymour. Pendleton, a close associate of the Copperhead Clement Vallandigham, balanced the ticket, since he was known for having strongly opposed the Union war effort.[13] The convention adopted a peace platform[14] – a platform McClellan personally rejected.[15] McClellan supported the continuation of the war and restoration of the Union, but the party platform, written by Vallandigham, opposed this position.

Radical Democracy Party nomination

Frémont and Cochrane campaign poster

The Radical Democracy Convention assembled in Ohio with delegates arriving on May 29, 1864. The New York Times reported that the hall which the convention organizers had planned to use had been double-booked by an opera troupe. Almost all delegates were instructed to support Frémont, with a major exception being the New York delegation, which was composed of War Democrats who supported Ulysses S. Grant. Various estimates of the number of delegates were reported in the press; The New York Times reported 156 delegates, but the number generally reported elsewhere was 350 delegates. The delegates came from 15 states and the District of Columbia. They adopted the name "Radical Democracy Party".[16]

A supporter of Grant was appointed chairman. The platform was passed with little discussion, and a series of resolutions that bogged down the convention proceedings were voted down decisively. The convention nominated Frémont for president, and he accepted the nomination on June 4, 1864. In his letter, he stated that he would step aside if the National Union Convention would nominate someone other than Lincoln for president. John Cochrane was nominated for vice president.[17][18]

General election

A National Union poster warns of a McClellan victory.
An anti-McClellan poster from Harper's Weekly, drawn by Thomas Nast, showing rioters assaulting children, slave-catchers chasing runaway slaves, and a woman being sold at a slave auction.

The 1864 election was the first time since 1812 that a presidential election took place during a war.

For much of 1864, Lincoln himself believed he had little chance of being re-elected. Confederate forces had triumphed at the Battle of Mansfield, the Battle of Cold Harbor, the Battle of Brices Cross Roads, the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain and the Battle of the Crater. In addition, the war was continuing to take a very high toll in terms of casualties with campaigns such as Grant's Overland Campaign and the perceived lack of progress. The prospect of a long and bloody war started to make the idea of "peace at all cost" offered by the Ultra Peace Democrats look more desirable.

However, several political and military events eventually made Lincoln's re-election inevitable. In the first place, the Democrats had to confront the severe internal strains within their party at the Democratic National Convention. The political compromises made at the Democratic National Convention were contradictory and made McClellan's efforts to campaign seem inconsistent.

Secondly, the Democratic National Convention influenced Frémont's campaign. Frémont was appalled at the Democratic platform, which he described as "union with slavery". After three weeks of discussions with Cochrane and his supporters, Frémont withdrew from the race in September 1864. In his statement, Frémont declared that winning the Civil War was too important to divide the Republican vote. Although he still felt that Lincoln was not going far enough, the defeat of McClellan was of the greatest necessity. General Cochrane, who was a War Democrat, agreed and withdrew with Frémont. On September 23, 1864, Frémont also brokered a political deal in which Lincoln removed U.S. Postmaster General Montgomery Blair from office, and on September 24 Abraham Lincoln relieved Blair of his duty as Postmaster General. McClellan's chances of victory faded after Frémont withdrew from the presidential race.

Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county. Shades of red are for Lincoln (National Union) and shades of blue are for McClellan (Democratic).

Lastly, with the fall of Atlanta on September 2, there was no longer any question that a Union military victory was inevitable and close at hand.[19]

In the end, the Union Party mobilized the full strength of both the Republicans and the War Democrats under the slogan "Don't change horses in the middle of a stream". It was energized as Lincoln made emancipation the central issue, and state Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads.[20]

Results

The American Civil War was in progress and unfinished during this election. Because eleven Southern states plus two claimed additional Southern states had declared secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, only twenty-five states participated in the election.

Louisiana and Tennessee had recently been re-captured. They chose presidential electors, but their votes were rejected by Congress due to having recently seceded from the Union. Both states had voted for Lincoln, so it would not have changed the result in any case.

Three new states participated for the first time: Kansas, West Virginia, and Nevada.

Despite Kentucky's state government never fully seceding from the Union, and Kentucky's Confederate Government that was formed at the Russellville Convention being driven from the state in 1862. The Commonwealth had an election participation rate decrease of almost 40% compared to the election of 1860.[21]

McClellan won just three states: Kentucky, Delaware, and his home state of New Jersey. Lincoln won in every state he carried in 1860 except New Jersey, and also carried a state won four years earlier by Stephen Douglas (Missouri), one carried by John C. Breckinridge (Maryland) and all three newly admitted states (Kansas, Nevada and West Virginia). Altogether, 212 electoral votes were counted in Congress for Lincoln – more than enough to win the presidency even if all of the states in rebellion had participated and voted against him.

Lincoln was highly popular with soldiers and they in turn recommended him to their families back home.[22][23] The following states allowed soldiers to cast ballots: California, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. Out of the 40,247 army votes cast, Lincoln received 30,503 (75.8%) and McClellan 9,201 (22.9%), with the rest (543 votes) scattering (1.3%). Only soldiers from Kentucky gave McClellan a majority of their votes, and he carried the army vote in the state by a vote of 2,823 (70.3%) to 1,194 (29.7%).[24]

Of the 1,129 counties making returns, Lincoln won in 728 (64.5%), while McClellan carried 400 (35.4%). One county (0.1%) in Iowa split evenly between Lincoln and McClellan.

This was the last election the Republicans won in Maryland until 1896.[25]

Electoral results
Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote(a) Electoral
vote(a), (b), (c)		 Running mate
Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote(a), (b), (c)
Abraham Lincoln (incumbent) National Union Illinois 2,218,388 55.02% 212(b) Andrew Johnson Tennessee 212(b)
George B. McClellan Democratic New Jersey 1,812,807 44.96% 21 George H. Pendleton Ohio 21
Other 658 0.02% — Other —
Total 4,031,887 100% 233(b) 233(b)
Needed to win 118(b) 118(b)

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1864 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005.
Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Popular vote
Lincoln
 
 55.02%
McClellan
 
 44.96%
Others
 
 0.02%
Electoral vote
Lincoln
 
 91.63%
McClellan
 
 8.93%

(a) The states in rebellion did not participate in the election of 1864.
(b) The 17 electoral votes from Tennessee and Louisiana were rejected. Had they not been rejected, Lincoln would have received 229 electoral votes out of a total of 251 (250 cast), well in excess of the 126 required to win.
(c) One elector from Nevada did not vote.

Geography of results

Results by state

  • Source (most states): Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp. 247–57.
  • Source (Tennessee): contemporary Chicago Tribune newspaper.[26]
States/districts won by McClellan/Pendleton
States/districts won by Lincoln/Johnson

 Abraham Lincoln
National Union		 George B. McClellan
Democratic		 Margin State Total
State electoral
votes		 # % electoral
votes		 # % electoral
votes		 #  % #
California5 62,05358.60%543,83741.40%– 18,216 17.20%105,890
Connecticut6 44,69351.38%642,28848.62%– 2,405 2.76%86,981
Delaware3 8,15548.19%–8,76751.81%3 -612 -3.62%16,922
Illinois16 189,51254.42%16158,72445.58%– 30,788 8.84%348,236
Indiana13 150,42253.59%13130,23346.40%– 20,189 7.19%280,655
Iowa8 88,50064.12%849,52535.88%– 38,975 28.24%138,025
Kansas3 17,08979.19%33,83617.78%– 13,253 61.41%21,580
Kentucky11 27,78730.17%–64,30169.83%11 -36,514 -39.66%92,088
Louisiana7 no popular vote7no popular vote– N/A Votes not counted
Maine7 67,80559.07%746,99240.93%– 20,813 18.14%114,797
Maryland7 40,15355.09%732,73944.91%– 7,414 10.18%72,892
Massachusetts12 126,74272.22%1248,74527.78%– 77,997 44.44%175,490
Michigan8 79,14953.60%868,51346.40%– 10,636 7.20%147,662
Minnesota4 25,05559.06%417,35740.94%– 7,688 18.12%42,422
Missouri11 72,75069.72%1131,59630.28%– 41,154 39.44%104,346
Nevada2 9,82659.84%26,59440.16%– 3,232 19.68%16,420
New Hampshire5 36,59652.56%533,03447.44%– 3,562 5.12%69,630
New Jersey7 60,72347.16%–68,02452.84%7 -7,301 -5.68%128,747
New York33 368,73550.46%33361,98649.54%– 6,749 0.92%730,721
Ohio21 265,65456.37%21205,59943.63%– 60,055 12.74%471,253
Oregon3 9,88853.90%38,45746.10%– 1,431 7.80%18,345
Pennsylvania26 296,39151.75%26276,31648.25%– 20,075 3.50%572,707
Rhode Island4 13,96262.24%48,47037.76%– 5,492 24.48%22,432
Tennessee10 30,00085.71%105,00014.29%– 25,000 35,000
Vermont5 42,42076.10%513,32223.90%– 29,098 52.20%55,742
West Virginia5 23,79968.24%511,07831.76%– 12,721 36.48%34,877
Wisconsin8 83,45855.88%865,88444.12%– 17,574 11.80%149,342
TOTALS:233 2,211,31755.03%212 1,806,22744.93%21 405,090 10.10% 4,018,202

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1864 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005. Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Close states

States in red were won by Republican Abraham Lincoln; states in blue were won by Democrat George B. McClellan.

State where the margin of victory was under 1% (33 electoral votes):

  1. New York 0.92% (6,749 votes)

States where the margin of victory was under 5% (35 electoral votes):

  1. Connecticut 2.76% (2,405 votes)
  2. Pennsylvania 3.50% (20,075 votes)
  3. Delaware 3.62% (612 votes)

States where the margin of victory was under 10% (65 electoral vote):

  1. New Hampshire 5.12% (3,562 votes)
  2. New Jersey 5.68% (7,301 votes)
  3. Indiana 7.19% (20,189 votes)
  4. Michigan 7.20% (10,636 votes)
  5. Oregon 7.8% (1,431 votes)
  6. Illinois 8.8% (30,788 votes) (Tipping-Point State)

See also

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 234 electors were permitted to cast votes; however, an elector from Nevada pledged to the Lincoln/Johnson ticket was snowbound and unable to cast a vote for President or Vice President, bringing the total number of electoral votes cast to 233.[1]
  2. 1 2 3 Elections were held in the Union-occupied military districts in the states of Louisiana and Tennessee, but no electoral votes were counted from them.[2]

References

  1. 1 2 Rocha, Guy. "Nevada Myths". Nevada State Library and Archives. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Donald, David Herbert; Baker, Jean Harvey; Holt, Michael F. (2001). The Civil War and Reconstruction. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 427. ISBN 9780393974270.
  3. ↑ "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections". The American Presidency Project. UC Santa Barbara.
  4. ↑ Davis, William C. (1999). Lincoln's Men: How President Lincoln became Father to an Army and a Nation. Simon and Schuster. p. 211. ISBN 0-684-83337-9. The public entrusted Lincoln with another term in spite of widespread revulsion at the death toll in the Wilderness Campaign. Republicans had found success in gubernatorial races in Ohio and Pennsylvania by attracting the votes of furloughed soldiers. In order to copy the same success nationally, thirteen Union states allowed their citizens serving as soldiers in the field to cast ballots. Four additional Union states allowed "proxy" absentee voting. "By margins of three to one or better, the soldiers lined up behind Lincoln." In every state, those returning home influenced their friends and family. For an alternative account of army voting, see W. Dean Burnham, "Presidential Ballots: 1836–1892", pp. 260–83. Out of the 40,247 Army votes cast in seven states, Lincoln carried six of them with 30,503 votes (75.8%).
  5. ↑ "Abraham Lincoln: Campaigns and Elections". American President: A Reference Resource. University of Virginia. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  6. ↑ Martis, Kenneth C., "Atlas of the Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989" ISBN 0-02-920170-5 p. 117. Altogether they elected 9 Senators and 25 Representatives in Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland and Delaware.
  7. ↑ Guilford, Gwynn (November 28, 2016). "Fake news isn't a new problem in the US—it almost destroyed Abraham Lincoln". Quartz. Quartz (publication). Archived from the original on September 6, 2020. this miscegenation hoax still "damn near sank Lincoln that year"
  8. ↑ World Book
  9. ↑ The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents
  10. ↑ "HarpWeek | Elections | 1864 Overview". Elections.harpweek.com. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
  11. ↑ They Also Ran
  12. ↑ The American Pageant
  13. ↑ George Pendleton. Ohio History Central (May 23, 2013). Retrieved 2013-08-17.
  14. ↑ "Democratic Party Platforms: 1864 Democratic Party Platform".
  15. ↑ "George B. McClellan". Ohio History Central. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
  16. ↑ "HarpWeek: Explore History, 1864: Lincoln v. McClellan". Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  17. ↑ Kalb, Deborah, ed. (2010). Guide to U.S. Elections. Washington, DC: CQ Press. p. 508. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
  18. ↑ McKinney, Effie. "Cleveland Convention". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  19. ↑ Lowe, Robert E. (2016). "Lincoln, the Fall of Atlanta, and the 1864 Presidential Election". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 100 (3): 260. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  20. ↑ Randall, J. G.; Current, Richard (1955). Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure. p. 307. ISBN 9780252068720.
  21. ↑ "Presidential General Election Results Comparison - Kentucky". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on September 18, 2006. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
  22. ↑ Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (University Press of Kansas, 1994) pp. 274–93
  23. ↑ Oscar O. Winther, "The Soldier Vote in the Election of 1864", New York History (1944) 25: 440–58
  24. ↑ Presidential Ballots: 1836–1892, W. Dean Burnham, pp. 260–83
  25. ↑ Counting the Votes; Maryland Archived November 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ Humanities, National Endowment for the (November 18, 1864). "Chicago tribune. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1864-1872, November 18, 1864, Image 2". ISSN 2572-9977. Retrieved December 5, 2021.

Further reading

Primary sources

  • Chester, Edward W. A guide to political platforms (1977) pp. 80–85 online
  • Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840–1964 (1965) online 1840–1956
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