A software rendering of a spinning barber pole
Barber pole, c. 1938, North Carolina Museum of History
Barber shop in Torquay, Devon, England, with red and white pole

A barber's pole is a type of sign used by barbers to signify the place or shop where they perform their craft. The trade sign is, by a tradition dating back to the Middle Ages, a staff or pole with a helix of colored stripes (often red and white in many countries, but usually red, white and blue in Japan and the United States). The pole may be stationary or may rotate, often with the aid of an electric motor.[1][2]

A "barber's pole" with a helical stripe is a familiar sight, and is used as a secondary metaphor to describe objects in many other contexts. For example, if the shaft or tower of a lighthouse has been painted with a helical stripe as a daymark, the lighthouse could be described as having been painted in "barber's pole" colors.

Origin in barbering and surgery

Antique red and blue striped pole in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, United States

During medieval times, barbers performed surgery on customers, as well as tooth extractions. The original pole had a brass wash basin at the top (representing the vessel in which leeches were kept) and bottom (representing the basin that received the blood). The pole itself represents the staff that the patient gripped during the procedure to encourage blood flow[3] and the twined pole motif is likely related to the staff of the Greek god of speed and commerce Hermes, aka the Caduceus, evidenced for example by early physician van Helmont's description of himself as "Francis Mercurius Van Helmont, A Philosopher by that one in whom are all things, A Wandering Hermite.[4]

At the Council of Tours in 1163, the clergy was banned from the practice of surgery.[5] From then, physicians were clearly separated from the surgeons and barbers. Later, the role of the barbers was defined by the College de Saint-Côme et Saint-Damien, established by Jean Pitard in Paris circa 1210,[6] as academic surgeons of the long robe and barber surgeons of the short robe.

In Renaissance-era Amsterdam, the surgeons used the colored stripes to indicate that they were prepared to bleed their patients (red), set bones or pull teeth (white), or give a shave if nothing more urgent was needed (blue).[7]

After the formation of the United Barber Surgeon's Company in England, a statute required the barber to use a red and white pole and the surgeon to use a red pole. In France, surgeons used a red pole with a basin attached to identify their offices. Blue often appears on poles in the United States, possibly as a homage to its national colors. Another, more fanciful interpretation of these barber pole colors is that red represents arterial blood, blue is symbolic of venous blood, and white depicts the bandage.[8]

Prior to 1950, there were four manufacturers of barber poles in the United States. In 1950, William Marvy of St. Paul, Minnesota, started manufacturing barber poles. Marvy made his 50,000th barber pole in 1967, and, by 2010, over 82,000 had been produced.[9] The William Marvy Company is now the sole manufacturer of barber poles in North America, and sells only 500 per year (compared to 5,100 in the 1960s).[10] In recent years, the sale of spinning barber poles has dropped considerably, since few barber shops are opening, and many jurisdictions prohibit moving signs. Koken of St. Louis, Missouri, manufactured barber equipment such as chairs and assorted poles in the 19th century.

As early as 1905, use of the poles was reported to be "diminishing" in the United States.[11]

In Forest Grove, Oregon, the "World's Tallest Barber Shop Pole" measures 72 feet (22 m).[12]

The consistent use of this symbol for advertising was analogous to an apothecary's show globe, a tobacconist's cigar store Indian and a pawn broker's three gold balls.

Use in barbering

Possibly as early as the later Roman Empire, and certainly continuing through the Renaissance into Industrialization (maybe even until the 1700s in some places) a "barber-surgeon" also performed tooth extraction, cupping, leeching, bloodletting, enemas, amputations, etc. However, today's barber poles represent little more than being a barber shop that cuts hair and does shaves.[13] Barber poles have actually become a topic of controversy in the hairstyling business.

In some American states, such as Michigan in March 2012, legislation has emerged proposing that barber poles should only be permitted outside barbershops, but not traditional beauty salons. Barbers and cosmetologists have engaged in several legal battles claiming the right to use the barber pole symbol to indicate to potential customers that the business offers haircutting services. Barbers claim that they are entitled to exclusive rights to use the barber pole because of the tradition tied to the craft, whereas cosmetologists think that they are equally capable of cutting men's hair (though many cosmetologists are not permitted to use razors, depending on their state's laws).[14]

Use in prostitution

In South Korea, barber's poles are used both for actual barbershops and for brothels.[15] Brothels disguised as barbershops, referred to as 이발소 (ibalso) or 미용실 (miyongsil), are more likely to use two poles next to each other, often spinning in opposite directions, though the use of a single pole for the same reason is also quite common.[16] Actual barbershops, or 미용실 (miyongsil), are more likely to be hair salons; to avoid confusion, they will usually use a pole that shows a picture of a woman with flowing hair on it with the words hair salon written on the pole.

Visual illusion

A spinning barber pole creates a visual illusion, in which the stripes appear to be traveling up or down the length of the pole,[17] rather than around it.[18]

Other uses of the term

Visual similarity

  • The Swan portion of M17, the Omega Nebula in the Sagittarius nebulosity is said to resemble a barber's pole.[19]
  • Barber pole-like structures have been observed at the cellular level. The effects, origins and causes are controversial, and are subject to intense research.[20]
  • Matthew Walker's knot is a decorative knot said to vaguely resemble a section of a barber's pole.[upper-alpha 1]
  • Sinosauropteryx (meaning "Chinese reptilian wing",[22] in Chinese 中华龙鸟: zhonghua longniao) is the first genus of non-avian dinosaur found with the fossilized impressions of feathers, as well as the first non-avian dinosaur where coloration has been determined. It lived in China during the early Cretaceous period and was a close relative of Compsognathus. It was the first non-avialan dinosaur genus discovered from the famous Jehol Biota of Liaoning Province. Zhang found "that the filaments running down its back and tail may have made the dinosaur look like an orange-and-white-striped barber pole. Such a vibrant pattern suggest that 'feathers first arose as agents for color display,' Benton says."[23]

Referential naming

Animal husbandry

Haemonchus contortus, or "barber's pole worm", is the parasitic nematode responsible for anemia, bottle jaw, and death of infected sheep[24] and goats, mainly during summer months in warm, humid climates.[25][26] Humans may become infected by the worms.[27]

Crustacea

Stenopus hispidus is a shrimp-like popcorn kernel decapod crustacean sometimes called the "barber pole shrimp". See also Stenopodidea.

Entomology

In the insect world, there is the barber pole grasshopper, Dactylotum bicolor.[28] It is also known as the "painted grasshopper" and is said to be the "most beautiful" grasshopper.[29]

Ichthyology

Because of its bright bands and colors, the redbanded rockfish Sebastes babcocki is referred to as "barber pole". Other pseudonyms include bandit, convict, canary, Hollywood, and Spanish flag.[30]

Candy

The old-fashioned American stick candy is sometimes also referred to as "barber pole candy" due to its colorful, swirled appearance. (See also candy cane.) "Candy stripe" is a generic description of the candy cane color scheme. Among many other names, the candy has been called Polkagris.[31]

Computer science

In user interface design, a barber pole-like pattern is used in progress bars when the wait time is indefinite. It is intended to be used like a throbber to tell the user that processing is continuing, although it is not known when the processing will complete.

Barber pole is also sometimes used to describe a text pattern where a line of text is rolled left or right one character on the line below. The CHARGEN service generates a form of this pattern. It is used to test RAM, hard disks and printers. A similar pattern is also used in secure erasure of media.

Electronics

Barber-pole-like antennas on a model of the GLONASS-K satellite used for GLONASS, the Russian alternative to GPS

The strength and direction of magnetic fields and electric currents can be measured using a "magnetoresistive barber-pole sensor" (also called a "hermetic proximity sensor"), and its performance can be depicted using a mathematical formula.[32] Such a sensor interleaves a series of permanent magnet strips with a series of magnetoresistive strips. The "conductive barberpole strips are canted across the sensor and connect one magnetoresistive strip, over a permanent magnet strip, to another magnetoresistive strip." This is said to provide a "uniform magnetic field throughout the sensor" thereby enhancing its resistance to external magnetic fields.[33] The technology is used in wireless sensor networks which "have gathered a lot of attention as an important research domain" and were "deployed in many applications, e.g., navigation, military, ambient intelligence, medical, and industrial tasks. Context-based processing and services, in particular location-context, are of key interest ..."[34] (See Music (acoustic illusion), infra.)

Aviation and space flight

The term on the barber pole or keep it on the barber pole is pilot jargon that refers to flying an aircraft at the maximum safe velocity. The airspeed Indicator on aircraft capable of flying at altitude features a red/white striped needle resembling a barber pole. This needle displays the VMO (Maximum Operating Velocity) or—at altitude—the MMO (Mach Limit Maximum Operating Speed) of the aircraft.[35] This needle also indicates the maximum operating Mach number above the VMO/MMO changeover level. As the aircraft increases in altitude and the air decreases in density and temperature, the speed of sound also decreases. Close to the speed of sound, an aircraft becomes susceptible to buffeting caused by shock waves produced by flying at transonic speeds. Thus, as the speed of sound decreases, so the maximum safe operating speed of the aircraft is reduced. The "barber pole" needle moves to indicate this speed. Flying "on the barber pole" therefore means to be flying the aircraft as fast as is safe to do so in the current conditions.[36]

Barberpole is a phrase used to describe the striped output of indicators used during the Apollo and Shuttle programs. Typically an indicator was positioned below a switch. When the switch was activated and the activation indeed performed, the resulted activation was talked back via a separated electrical line to the barberpole indicator to show a grey and white striped pattern, thus verifying the action to the astronaut. Such switches with barberpole indicators were called talkback switches. Various indicators in the Apollo Command Modules indicated barberpole when the corresponding system was inactive. Astronaut Jim Lovell can also be found describing system indications as "barber poled" in the transcript of radio transmissions during the Apollo 13 accident.[37]

The phrase barberpole continues to be found in many subsystem descriptions in the Space Shuttle News Reference Manual,[38] as well as the NASA/KSC Acronym List.[39]

During World War I and World War II, the pattern has also been used as an insignia for aircraft identification.[40] Spad XIIIs of the 94th Aero Squadron USAS in early 1919 used variations on barber pole patterns, including: "Barber Pole" of Lieutenant Dudley "Red" Outcault; S.16546 "Flag Bus" of Captain Reed Chambers; and "Rising Sun" of Lieutenant John Jeffers.[41]

Flyfishing

Used in flyfishing, Au Sable River guide Earl Madsen's "Madsen's Barber pole" is a traditional Michigan fly in the form of a "Stonefly" imitation "with grizzly hackle tip wings tied in a downwing fashion".[42] Photo of Madsen's Barber Pole Fly, parachute form.

Gambling

The phrase barber pole is derisive jargon in craps, and refers to the commingling of "gaming cheques of different denominations". Wagers that combine different denominations are "supposed to be stacked with the highest denomination at the bottom".[43][44]

Parachuting

  • The Screaming Eagles 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) Command Parachute Demonstration Team, which operates out of Fort Campbell, Kentucky, executes a "barber pole maneuver" (also known as "the Baton Pass") during demonstrations.[45] Two jumpers leave the aircraft and fly their bodies together to link while in free fall. "Once together they will then exchange a wooden baton ... [and] maneuver their bodies ... to create the illusion of a giant barber pole in the sky."[45]
  • Alternatively, a "Four Man Star" can "Hook Up" and then the formation rotates to the right, creating a "Barber Pole" effect with use of trailing smoke.[46]
  • Another parachuting use of the term describes having a mess of lines tangled "behind your head and you have to cut away your main chute and pull your reserve."[47]

Meteorology

Booksellers

Red or rubric posts were sometimes used by booksellers in England prior to 1800. William Roberts reports in The Book Hunter in London that certain 18th-century bookshops in the Little Britain district of London sported such poles:

A few years before Nichols published [in 1816] his Literary Anecdotes, two booksellers used to sport their rubric posts close to each other here in Little Britain, and these rubric posts were once as much the type of a bookseller's shop as the pole is of a barber's ... Sewell, Cornhill, and Kecket and De Hondt, Strand, were among the last to use these curious trade signs.[52]

Border and lane markers

Canadian Naval group

The famous Barber Pole Group was originally a group of 120 Flower-class corvettes built in Canada during World War II, and charged primarily with protecting freighter convoys. The original group was Escort Group C-3. This group of ships, with its red and white barber pole stripes painted on the funnel, is still represented in the current Royal Canadian Navy: all Atlantic fleet ships wear this insignia. HMCS Sackville is the last remaining Flower-class corvette.[53][54][55]

Daymarks as a navigational aid

White Shoal Light

Hockey

Brown-haired man in jersey of vertical red, black and white stripes
Ottawa Senators Bruce Stuart in 1909–10 jersey

Music

The "Barberpole Cat" group, a/k/a "Polecats"—perhaps a portmanteau of "barber's pole" and "catalogue"—is an essential repertoire of 12 songs that every barber shop quartet should know.[65] The Barberpole Cat Program[66] was created many years ago and features popular Barbershop songs arranged and voiced so all singers can learn and participate. For decades these have been the standard arrangements where singers can meet at conventions and sing together having never met before.

The songs in this collection are:

The Polecats have had a version 2.0 with additional songs added.

Music (acoustic illusion)

  • The Shepard tone has been described as "a sonic barber pole" and an auditory illusion.[67]
  • "Barberpole flanging", also known as "infinite flanging" sonic illusion, is similar to the Shepard tone effect. "Barberpole Flanger" is one such, open source VST audio plug-in, implementation (with four different algorithms). The sweep of the "flanged sound seems to move in only one direction ("up" or "down") infinitely, instead of sweeping back-and-forth."[68]
  • "Barberpole phaser". Roger Shepard's original work used a computer program written by Max Mathews. However, the same type of effect can be accomplished using an analog synthesizer controlled by a gadget which may be called a "Shepard Function Generator".[69][70] Harald Bode (popularizer of the Moog vocoder) invented a rack-mounted device called a "barberpole phaser" which was marketed in the 1980s.[71]

See also Buchla 200 series Electric Music Box and Buchla 200e.

Trademark

Barbasol cans use a barber pole motif.[72][73][74] The can's motif is a registered trademark of Barbasol.[75][upper-alpha 2]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Used to keep the end of a rope from fraying and said to resemble a barber's pole. Though highly decorative, and historically one of the most common knots, on a modern yacht it is almost unused and unknown.[21]
  2. ↑ "Barbasol Co. v. Jacobs. No. 8969" (full text). 7th Circuit Court of Appeals, 160 F.2d 336. 1947. Retrieved 15 December 2010. As the court noted: 'Plaintiff's shaving cream product is identified by the word trade mark "Barbasol" and by the distinctive package design trade mark hereinafter referred to. Said product is displayed and offered for sale in two types of cartons. One of said cartons is of rectangular shape, the length of which is about 3½ times its width and the depth is a little less than the width. In addition to the word "Barbasol" being provided thereon, the carton has a striped border of blue, white and red diagonal stripes surrounding a rectangular panel or field in blue color. The shaving cream disposed in this type of carton is packed in an elongated soft metal tube, which is received and housed within said carton. The other type of carton is approximately square and it also has the word trade mark "Barbasol" provided thereon, and the entire carton is provided with diagonal colored stripes of red, white and blue, said stripes forming a border for a blue field, on which appears the word "Barbasol" and other printed matter. The shaving cream is disposed in a glass jar of octangular cross section and upon which the word "Barbasol" appears. The jar is white and is disposed within the square carton.'

Citations

  1. ↑ "Barber Pole". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Cleveland: Wiley Publishing. 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  2. ↑ Smith, Kate. "Why Barber Poles are Red and White". Sensational Color. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  3. ↑ van Helmont, Chandler, Jan, J. (1644). Van Helmont's Workes, containing his ... Philosophy, Physick, Chirurgery, Anatomy... done into English by J. C. pp. 504–516.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Van Helmont's works: containing his most excellent philosophy, anatomy
  5. ↑ MacNalty, Sir Arthur Salusbury (1 December 1945). "The Renaissance and its Influence on English Medicine, Surgery and Public Health". British Medical Journal. London: British Medical Association. 2 (4430): 755–759. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4430.755. JSTOR 20364730. PMC 2060364. PMID 20786422.
  6. ↑ Quesnay, François; Bellial des Vertus, François (1749). Histoire de l'origine et des progrès de la chirurgie en France [History of the Origin and Progress of Surgery in France] (in French). Paris: Ganeau. p. 41.
  7. ↑ Wallace, Robert (1968). The World of Rembrandt: 1606–1669. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 62.
  8. ↑ Nix, Elizabeth (25 June 2014). "Why are barber poles red, white and blue?". History.com. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  9. ↑ "About Us". William Marvy Company. 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  10. ↑ Censky, Annalyn (2007). "Last of Their Kind: From Barber Poles to Limburger Cheese, These 5 Companies are the Last Left in America Making Iconic Products now in their Twilight". CNNMoney.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  11. ↑ Tunis, Edwin. (1905). Colonial Craftsmen and the Beginnings of American Industry. Cleveland and New York: World Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8018-6228-1. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  12. ↑ Kirby, Doug; Smith, Ken; Wilkins, Mike (2010). "Forest Grove, Oregon: World's Tallest Barber Shop Pole". Novato, California: Roadside America. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  13. ↑ "History of the Barber - Barber Schools". barber-schools.org. 8 March 2012.
  14. ↑ "Banning Barber Poles at Michigan Salons? - Barber Schools". barber-schools.org. 26 March 2012.
  15. ↑ Moon, Katharine Hyung-Sun (1997). Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.–Korea Relations. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-231-10642-9. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  16. ↑ Trecker, Jamie (2007). Love and Blood: At the World Cup with the Footballers, Fans, and Freaks. Orlando: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-15-603098-4. Retrieved 14 November 2010. prostitution barber.
  17. ↑ "Barber Pole Illusion". sandlotscience.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  18. ↑ Massaro, Dominic W., ed. (Spring 2007). "Book Reviews: What Are Musical Paradox and Illusion?" (PDF). American Journal of Psychology. University of California, Santa Cruz. 120 (1): 123–170, 124, 132. doi:10.2307/20445384. JSTOR 20445384.
  19. ↑ Coe, Steven R. (2007). Nebulae and how to observe them. Phoenix, Arizona: Springer Science Media. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-84628-482-3. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  20. ↑ Powell, Kendall (15 July 2009). "Cell biology: Ahead of the curve – Cellular life is all slopes, arcs and circles – but there is much debate about how these curves are built" (PDF). Nature. 460 (7253): 460, 318–320. doi:10.1038/460318a. PMID 19606122. S2CID 205047888. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
  21. ↑ "Double Matthew Walker Knot" (animation). animated knots by Grog. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  22. ↑ Ji, Q; Ji, S (1996). "On discovery of the earliest bird fossil in China and the origin of birds". Chinese Geology. 10 (233): 30–33.
  23. ↑ Stone, Richard (December 2010). "Dinosaurs' Living Descendants". Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution: 60. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  24. ↑ "Barber's Pole Worm (Haemonchus contortus)". Sydney: Australian Wool Innovation. 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  25. ↑ Burke, Joan (February 2005). "Management of Barber Pole Worm in Sheep and Goats in the Southern U.S" (PDF). Small Farms Research Update. Booneville, Arkansas: U.S. Department of Agriculture Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
  26. ↑ Schoenian, Susan (15 February 2005). "Diseases: Worms". Sheep 101.
  27. ↑ "Barberpole worms in Humans". Daily Puppy.com. 23 November 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  28. ↑ Marlos, Daniel (16 September 2010). "Barber Pole Grasshopper". What's That Bug?. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  29. ↑ Thiret, Beth (9 September 2010). "Ugh: What to do about Grasshoppers". The Recorder. Berthoud, Colorado. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010..
  30. ↑ "Redbanded rockfish". Alaska Fisheries Science Center. National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  31. ↑ "Candy Cane". The Titi Tudorancea Bulletin, English Edition. 7 October 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  32. ↑ Tuman'skia, S.; Stabrowskia, M. (August 1985). "The Optimization and Design of Magnetoresistive Barber-Pole Sensors". Sensors and Actuators. Lausanne, Switzerland: NATO Advanced Study Institute on Chemically Sensitive Electronic Devices. 7 (4): 285–295. doi:10.1016/0250-6874(85)80008-1. ISSN 0250-6874.
  33. ↑ US patent 5737156, Bonyhard, Peter I., "Barberpole MR sensor having interleaved permanent magnet and magnetoresistive segments", published 1998-04-07, assigned to Seagate Technology, Inc.
  34. ↑ Carrella, Stefano; Iswandy, Kuncup; Lutz, Kai; King, Andreas (18–19 May 2010). "3D-Localization of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on AMR-Sensors in Industrial and AmI Applications" (CD-ROM). Sensoren und Messsysteme 2010. Vorträge der 15. ITG/GMA-Fachtagung. Nuremberg: Berlin Offenbach. ISBN 978-3-8007-3260-9. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  35. ↑ "McGraw Hill Dictionary of Aviation". Answers.com. McGraw Hill. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  36. ↑ Avery, Rob. "The Conventional Airspeed Indicator". Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  37. ↑ "Detailed Chronology of Events Surrounding the Apollo 13 Accident". Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  38. ↑ NSTS 1988 News Reference Manual. Kennedy Space Center: National Aeronautic and Space Administration. 31 August 2000 [Original print date September 1988].
  39. ↑ Grinter, Kay; Rybe, Jeanne (20 February 2009). "NASA/KSC Acronym List". Kennedy Space Center: National Aeronautic and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  40. ↑ "North American P-51 Mustang/F-51 Cavalier—USA". Wing's Palette. Russia. 12 August 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  41. ↑ Pearson, Bob (September 2000). "The "Showbirds" of Spad XIIIs of the 94th Aero Squadron USAS". Internet Modeler.
  42. ↑ "A 'Michigan Original,' Tier Jerry Regan brings AuSable Lore to Livonia" (PDF). The Evening Hatch. Michigan Fly Fishing Club: 1–2. May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  43. ↑ Cameron, Scott (2010). "Craps Lingo". CasinoDealers. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  44. ↑ "Crap Dictionary". World Casino Directory. 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  45. 1 2 "101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) Command Parachute Demonstration Team "Screaming Eagles"". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  46. ↑ "British Virgin Islands Airshow, 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2010". Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  47. ↑ Scott, Royce E. "Bo" (July–August 1988). "Jump School at Fort Benning" (PDF). Screaming Eagle Magazine. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  48. ↑ "A Comprehensive Glossary of Weather Terms for Storm Spotters". NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS SR-145. Norman, Oklahoma: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  49. ↑ "Glossary". Tornado Chaser.net. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
  50. ↑ "The Majestic Supercell – Barber pole photograph". Verden, Oklahoma: Roger's Sky Pix. 3 April 2003. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  51. ↑ Krohn, Dennis (March 2008). "USGS Extreme Storm Team Receives Christmas Week Tour of NOAA Aircraft Facility". Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  52. ↑ Roberts, William (1895). The Book-Hunter in London: Historical and Other Studies of Collectors and Collecting. London: Elliot Stock. p. 176. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  53. ↑ "HMCS Sackville History". Halifax: Canadian Navy Memorial Trust. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  54. ↑ Pearson, Bob; Banyai-Riepl, Chris (2002). "HMCS Sackville: The Last Flower: 1941–2000". History in Illustration.
  55. ↑ "A Hundred Years of Naval Service Captured in Ice". Ottawa Start. 17 February 2010. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  56. ↑ Wobser, David. "White Shoal Light". Lighthouses of the Great Lakes. Great Lakes & Seaway Shipping. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  57. ↑ "White Shoal Lighthouse, Mackinaw City, Michigan". Michigan Lighthouse Conservancy. 23 August 2003. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  58. ↑ "Save our Lights" license plate
  59. ↑ Kirby, Doug; Smith, Ken; Wilkins, Mike (2010). "Buxton, North Carolina—America's Tallest Lighthouse—Climb It". Novato, California: Roadside America. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  60. ↑ Kitchen (2008), p. 167
  61. ↑ Kitchen (2008), p. 303
  62. 1 2 Wazz, Scotty (6 November 2009). "Defending the Barber-Pole". The Strangest One of All. Internet Radio.
  63. ↑ "Jerseys and Logos: From 1909 to 1946". Our History. Montreal Canadiens. 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  64. ↑ "1912–1913 Season". Our History. Montreal Canadiens. 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  65. ↑ "The Barberpole Cat Program And Song Book". Nashville, Tennessee: Barbershop Harmony Society. 14 February 2006.
  66. ↑ Barberpole Cat Program
  67. ↑ Cycleback, David Rudd. "The Sonic Barber Pole: Shepard's Scale". cycleback.com. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  68. ↑ Budde, Christian. "Barberpole Flanger". KVR Audio Plugin Resources. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  69. ↑ Simonton, John (February 1983). "Shepard Function (Barberpole) CV Generator". Polyphony. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  70. ↑ Irwin, Michael. "Frequency shifters add an exotic dimension to the world of modular synthesis signal processing". Frequency Shifter electronic design. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  71. ↑ "Barberpole phaser". Ampage Tube Amps /Music Electronics Forum. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  72. ↑ "Barbasol Taps Gary Hall Jr. as First-Ever "Real Man"; Campaign Designed to ." Business Wire. Dublin, Ohio. 26 April 2005. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
  73. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.perio-inc.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  74. ↑ "Barbasol Shave Cream: An American Original" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  75. ↑ "The Barbasol Company vs. Jacobs". 35 T.M. Rep. 135. 7th CCA. 28 February 1947. Retrieved 15 December 2010.

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