Chocolate bar
Dark chocolate tablet made of 12 squares
A dark chocolate tablet
Alternative namesChocolate tablet
TypeConfectionery
Main ingredientsCocoa solids, cocoa butter, sugar
Ingredients generally usedMilk, nuts, fruit, caramel, nougat, wafers
VariationsTypes of chocolate

A chocolate bar is a confection containing chocolate, which may also contain layerings or mixtures that include nuts, fruit, caramel, nougat, and wafers. A flat, easily breakable, chocolate bar is also called a tablet. In some varieties of English and food labeling standards, the term chocolate bar is reserved for bars of solid chocolate, with candy bar used for products with additional ingredients.

The manufacture of a chocolate bar from raw cocoa ingredients requires many steps, from grinding and refining, to conching and tempering. All these processes have been independently developed by chocolate manufacturers from different countries. There is therefore no precise moment when the first chocolate bar came into existence. Solid chocolate was already consumed in the 18th century. The 19th century saw the emergence of the modern chocolate industry; most manufacturing techniques used today were invented during this period.

Dark, milk and white are the main types of chocolate. Ingredients not derived from cocoa have been added to bars since the beginning of the chocolate industry, often to reduce production costs. A wide variety of chocolate bar brands are sold today.

Terminology

In many varieties of English, chocolate bar refers to any confectionery bar that contains chocolate. In some dialects of American English, only bars of solid chocolate are described as chocolate bars, with the phrase candy bar used as a broader term encompassing bars of solid chocolate, bars combining chocolate with other ingredients, and bars containing no chocolate at all. In Canada, while the term chocolate bar is commonly used for bars combining chocolate with other ingredients, only bars of solid chocolate can be labelled as a chocolate bar.[1]

The term bar may refer to a large variety of shapes, including not oblong ones, such as squares.[2] Small (bite-sized) chocolate pieces are however usually referred to as chocolates, regardless of shape.[3] These include neapolitans, bonbons, pralines and truffles.

History

Early history

A Mayan holding sticks of ground cocoa paste

Solid chocolate was probably already consumed in pre-Columbian America, in particular by the Aztecs, despite the beverage being the traditional form of consumption of cocoa in Mesoamerica.[4] In fact, any finely ground cocoa that is not immediately used to make a drink turns into solid chocolate.[5] The grinding of the cocoa beans was done with a stone metate.[6] Dominican friar Diego Durán mentions in his writings that Aztec soldiers carried small balls of ground cocoa among other military rations.[7] Cocoa was introduced into Europe in the early 16th century, possibly already under its processed (solid) form.[8]

Until the 18th century, chocolate was essentially consumed as a drink. Transport of cocoa beans was slow and difficult, therefore making the product very expensive in Europe. Chocolate was usually sold as a solidified ground but still grainy cocoa paste (in the form of blocks, sticks or balls) to be dissolved in water or milk, either plain or already sweetened and flavoured.[9][10] It is unclear when bars or tablets of chocolate (meant to be eaten straight as a candy rather than grated into a drink) were made for the first time.[5] It is known, however, that the consumption of solid chocolate by the wealthy increased by the end of the 18th century.[11]

A block of unrefined ground cocoa paste, comparable to the chocolate that was made before the industrial era, and meant to be grated into drinks.

Up to and including the 19th century, confectionery of all sorts was typically sold in small pieces to be bagged and bought by weight. The introduction of chocolate as something that could be eaten as is, rather than used to make beverages or desserts, resulted in the earliest bar forms, or tablets. At some point, chocolates came to mean any chocolate-covered sweets, whether nuts, creams (fondant), caramel candies, or others. The chocolate bar evolved from all of these in the late-19th century as a way of packaging and selling candy more conveniently for both buyer and seller; however, the buyer had to pay for the packaging. It was considerably cheaper to buy candy loose, or in bulk.

The production of chocolate specifically meant to be eaten in bars may predate the French Revolution. The Marquis de Sade wrote to his wife in a letter dated May 16, 1779, complaining about the quality of a care package he had received while in prison. Among the requests that he made for future deliveries were for cookies that "must smell of chocolate, as if one were biting into a chocolate bar." This phrasing is highly suggestive of chocolate bars being eaten by themselves and not just grated into chocolate-based drinks, as was a far more common use at this time. Such a product would predate the invention of the cocoa press and the "Dutch cocoa" by Coenraad Johannes van Houten and other innovations which made chocolate suitable for mass-production.[12]

First mass-produced chocolate bars

The late 18th century saw the beginning of the mechanization of chocolate manufacturing. Water and wind power was used first, steam-powered machines followed.[13] This not only allowed the production of chocolate on a larger scale, but also the production of chocolate with a finer texture.[14]

In 1819, Swiss grocer and chocolatier François-Louis Cailler founded Cailler and opened a sophisticated and water-powered chocolate factory,[15] which allowed him to produce solid chocolate that was molded into tablets.[16] After a few years, sixteen different sorts of chocolate with different packagings were proposed.[17] Shortly after, in 1826, another Swiss chocolatier, Philippe Suchard, opened a chocolate factory where he developed a millstone machine to grind cocoa and sugar, still used today: the melanger.[16] Before opening his factory, Suchard realized that a small tablet sold at a pharmacy was worth three days' wages.[18]

In 1836, French pharmacist Antoine Brutus Menier launched a chocolate tablet with six semi-cylindrical divisions. He previously used chocolate as a coating for pills.[19]

Fry and Sons Manufactory in Bristol in the 19th century

Earlier, in 1828, Casparus van Houten[20] patented an inexpensive method for pressing the fat from roasted cocoa beans. The center of the bean, known as the "nib", contains an average of 54 percent cocoa butter. Van Houten's machine – a hydraulic press – reduced the cocoa butter content by nearly half. This not only allowed the creation of defatted cocoa powder (to be used for chocolate drinks), but also the creation of pure cocoa butter.

In 1847, Joseph Fry discovered a way to mix the ingredients of cocoa powder, sugar and cocoa to manufacture a paste with a higher percentage of cocoa butter that could then be more easily molded into a solid chocolate bar. He is generally credited for the first mass-produced bar.[21][22][23] Inspired by Fry, John Cadbury, founder of Cadbury, introduced his brand of the chocolate bar in 1849. That same year, Fry and Cadbury chocolate bars were displayed publicly at a trade fair in Bingley Hall, Birmingham.[24][25]

Fry's chocolate factory, J. S. Fry & Sons of Bristol, England, began mass-producing chocolate bars and they became very popular.[26] Over 220 Fry's products were introduced in the following decades. Fry's Cream Sticks, released in 1853, were the first filled chocolate candy,[21] and led to the Fry's Chocolate Cream bar in 1866.[22] Other products included the first chocolate Easter egg in the UK in 1873, and Fry's Turkish Delight (or Fry's Turkish bar) in 1914.[22]

In addition to Cadbury and Fry, Rowntree's and Terry's were major British chocolate companies, as chocolate manufacturing expanded in England throughout the rest of the century.[27]

Modern chocolate bars

Ad for Gala Peter

Rodolphe Lindt, a Swiss confectioner, discovered the conching process in 1879. Conching evenly blends cocoa butter with cocoa solids and sugar, therefore making the chocolate perfectly smooth. By the 1920s, it became a standard process in the chocolate industry.[28] The last stage of chocolate manufacturing, tempering, was also developed at around this time. Tempering allows the production of chocolate that is perfectly hard at room temperature and that have an attractive shiny appearance.[29]

A few years earlier, in 1875, milk chocolate makes its appearance. It was developed by another Swiss confectioner, Daniel Peter. He was able to make milk chocolate with the help of his neighbour Henri Nestlé, who was specialized in dehydrated milk products.[30] Daniel Peter launched his successful Gala Peter brand in 1887. Cailler and Suchard followed in the late 19th century, and other factories opened in Switzerland at that time.

In 1897, following the lead of Swiss companies, Cadbury introduced its own line of milk chocolate bars in the UK. Cadbury Dairy Milk, first produced in 1905, became the company's best selling bar.[31]

In the United States, immigrants who arrived with candy-making skills drove the development of new chocolate bars.[32] Milton S. Hershey, a Pennsylvania caramel maker, saw a German-manufactured chocolate-making machine at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. He immediately ordered one for his Lancaster factory and produced the first American-made milk chocolate bar.[33]

In Canada, Ganong Bros., Ltd. of St. Stephen, New Brunswick developed and began selling their version of the modern chocolate bar in 1910.

Chocolate bar sales grew rapidly in the early-20th century.[34] During World War I, the U.S. Army commissioned a number of American chocolate makers to produce 40 pound blocks of chocolate. These were shipped to Army quartermaster bases and distributed to the troops stationed throughout Europe. When the soldiers returned home, their demand for chocolate contributed to the increasing popularity of the chocolate bar.[33]

Combination bars

A Mars bar broken in half

The first chocolate bars were plain chocolate, but often flavoured with spices, such as cinnamon and vanilla.[9] Producers soon began combining chocolate with other ingredients such as nuts, fruit, caramel, nougat, and wafers. In 1830, Kohler added hazelnuts to chocolate bars[35] and, in 1852, Caffarel added hazelnuts as a smooth paste to its chocolate, creating gianduja.[36] Adding other, usually cheaper, ingredients to bars was also a way to reduce production costs.[37] Additionally, the overwhelming majority of combination bars use milk chocolate, which further decreases the amount of cocoa in the finished product.[38] Approximately 30,000 varieties of candy bars existed in the United States during the 1920s, most of which were produced locally.[39]

A wide selection of similar chocolate snacks or nutritional supplements are produced with added sources of protein and vitamins, including energy bars, protein bars and granola bars.

  • The Fry's Chocolate Cream, produced by J. S. Fry & Sons since 1866, consisted of a plain fondant centre enrobed in plain chocolate. It is the first mass-produced chocolate bar and predates the invention of milk chocolate.
  • The Branche, created by Kohler and produced by Cailler since 1904,[40] is a cylindrical and branch-looking milk chocolate and hazelnut bar with a praline filling, partly made with recycled broken confectionery. As a consequence of its wide success, "branche" has become a generic term (in French) for any stick-like chocolate bar.[41]
  • The Toblerone, produced by Tobler since 1908, is a combination of milk chocolate and torrone, a white nougat made of honey, almonds and egg whites. Its manufacture and distinctive triangular shape was patented at the Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property.[42]
  • The Goo Goo Cluster, produced by the Standard Candy Company of Nashville, Tennessee, in 1912, was the first combination bar in the United States. It was made of caramel, marshmallow, and peanuts, covered with milk chocolate.[43][44]
  • The Clark Bar, a crispy core with caramel and peanut butter covered with milk chocolate, was the first nationally marketed combination bar in the United States.[33]
  • The Oh Henry! bar was created by George Williamson of Williamson Candy Co. and named after an electrician who visited his store and flirted with the female candy makers. Williamson launched an advertising campaign that included newspaper ads, streetcar signs, and billboards. The Oh Henry! bar became one of the top-selling brands in the United States in the 1920s.[32] In 1926, the company published a book, 60 New Ways to Serve a Famous Candy, that included recipes for salads, side dishes, and sweet breads, in addition to desserts.[43]
  • The Baby Ruth was developed by Otto Schnering, owner of the Curtiss Candy Co., by modifying their original candy bar, Kandy Kake, to compete with the Oh Henry! bar. Schnering claimed that the Baby Ruth was named in honor of President Grover Cleveland's daughter, who died at age 12, but some historians suggest that Schnering chose the name to take advantage of the popularity of Babe Ruth without having to pay royalties.[45] Schnering decided to sell his bar for half the price of its competitor, hiring legendary Chicago ad man, Eddy S. Brandt, to market the Baby Ruth under the slogan "Everything you want for a nickel." The catchy slogan, along with other innovative marketing tactics, like sponsoring circuses and dropping Baby Ruth bars over cities from airplanes, made Baby Ruth the most popular candy bar in the U.S by 1925.[43]
  • The Mars bar was introduced by Mars, Incorporated in 1932 in Slough, England, by Forrest Mars, Sr.. It consists of caramel and nougat coated with milk chocolate.
  • The Kit Kat bar, created by Rowntree's in 1935, is a milk chocolate-covered wafer bar. The bar consists of two or four fingers that can be snapped from the bar separately. Kit Kat bars are reputed for being made in many different flavours.[46]

Ingredients

A ruby chocolate bar containing caramelised almonds and pistachios

A solid chocolate bar contains some or all of the following components: cocoa solids, cocoa butter, sugar, and milk. The relative presence or absence of these define the subclasses of chocolate bar made of dark chocolate, milk chocolate, and white chocolate. In addition to these main ingredients a solid chocolate bar may contain flavorings such as vanilla and emulsifiers such as soy lecithin to alter its consistency. Some chocolate bars contain added milk fat, to make the chocolate softer, since milk fat is a softer fat than cocoa butter.[47] While sugar is commonly used as a sweetener for chocolate bars, some chocolate bars use sugar alcohols, such as maltitol as an alternative.

Compound chocolate, which uses vegetable oils in place of cocoa butter, may be used as a less expensive alternative to true chocolate, though such a product may not be able to be labelled as "chocolate".[48] Combination bars may contain a wide variety of additional ingredients.

Production

Literature and film

The Wonka Bar was introduced as a fictional chocolate bar that served as a key story point in the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl. Wonka Bars appear in both film adaptations of the novel, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005). Wonka Bars were subsequently manufactured and sold in the real world, formerly by the Willy Wonka Candy Company, a division of Nestlé.

Records

Oldest extant

Chocolate bar manufactured in 1787

Some of the oldest preserved chocolate bars are two pieces of white and dark chocolate made between 1764 and 1795 for the king of Poland, Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, as a gift for his courtiers.[49] Each bar, possibly made by the royal confectioner in Warsaw, bears the King's monogram, SAR, and is on display in his summer residence, Palace on the Water, in Warsaw.[49]

World's largest

The world's largest chocolate bar was produced as a stunt by Thorntons plc (UK) on 7 October 2011. It weighed 5,792.50 kg (12,770.3 lb) and measured 4m by 4m by 0.35m.[50]

On January 16, 2020, Mars Inc. received the Guinness World Record for largest chocolate nut bar. They produced a 12-foot by 27.5-inch by 27.5-inch Snickers that weighed 4,728 lbs which is the equivalent of 41,000 single-size Snickers.[51]

On January 31, 2020, the Hershey Company beat the Guinness World Record for largest chocolate nut bar[52] surpassing Mars Inc.'s Gigantic Snickers bar with a gigantic Reese's Take 5 Bar measuring 9 by 5.5 by 2 feet and weighing 5,943 lbs.[53] The Take 5 chocolate bar gets its name from the 5 ingredients it contains: Reese's peanut butter, peanuts, pretzels, caramel and chocolate.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Common name - Labelling requirements for confectionery, chocolate and snack food products". 11 February 2014.
  2. ↑ Roberts, Kevin (2005). Lovemarks: the future beyond brands. PowerHouse Books. p. 196. ISBN 9781576875346. "Break" is a square chocolate bar with a loyal following in Greece.
  3. ↑ Moss, Sarah (2009). Chocolate: A Global History. Reaktion Books. p. 68. ISBN 9781861897039. Like so many other developments in the creation of familiar forms of chocolate, the development of bite-sized filled chocolates arranged in a box...
  4. ↑ Van Tuerenhout, Dirk R. (2005). The Aztecs: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 112. ISBN 9781576079218. It is of interest that even though the rich and famous would drink their chocolate—the most traditional way of consuming chocolate—soldiers would be issued chocolate in solid format. Military rations would include chocolate made into wafers or pellets.
  5. 1 2 Coe, Sophie D. (2015) [1994]. America's First Cuisines. University of Texas Press. p. 56. ISBN 9781477309711. Most sixteenth-, seventeenth-, and eighteenth-century cacao was for drinking, but its consumption in solid form was not unheard of. To make a drink out of processed cacao beans they must be ground, and then, unless they are immediately made into a drink, the mass congeals. [...] There is no way of exactly dating the birth of the chocolate confection...
  6. ↑ Collins, Ross F. (2022). Chocolate: A Cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 302. ISBN 9781440876080. While the metate served many kitchen uses, it became a central focus for chocolate making in pre-Columbian Central America. From there, versions moved to Europe and North America to serve the same function.
  7. ↑ Durán, Diego (1994). The History of the Indies of New Spain. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 350. ISBN 9780806126494. The soldiers carried a quantity of provisions, such as toasted kernels as well as maize flour, bean flour, toasted tortillas, sun-baked tamales and others that had a kind of mold, great loads of chiles, and cacao that had been ground and formed into small balls.
  8. ↑ DeCorse, Christopher R. (2019). Power, Political Economy, and Historical Landscapes of the Modern World. State University of New York Press. p. 107. ISBN 9781438473437. Cacao first arrived in Spain in the 1520s, then the Spanish Netherlands in 1606 (Norton 2008). Braudel (1992) traces the first arrival of cacao to Europe in the form of loaves and tablets—already processed, but solid.
  9. 1 2 Cooke, Nathalie (2009). What's to Eat?: Entrées in Canadian Food History. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780773577176. What constituted chocolate at the time? According to various inventories from Louisbourg, solid chocolate was sold as balls or sticks of varying weights. Chocolate came either "prepared," meaning that it had already been ground down into a paste of cocoa solids and fats, mixed with sugar and aromatics (usually cinnamon and vanilla, and sometimes anise, orange flower water, or ambergris – flavourings preferred by the French), then allowed to harden, or "unprepared," consisting of a hardened paste of plain chocolate. In the latter instance, spices and sweeteners would be added after the grated chocolate ball or stick was mixed with hot liquid.
  10. ↑ Afoakwa, Emmanuel Ohene (2016). Chocolate Science and Technology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. ISBN 9781118913789. At this point, chocolate was still consumed in liquid form and was mainly sold as pressed blocks of a grainy mass to be dissolved in water or milk...
  11. ↑ Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. OUP Oxford. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6. Already by the end of the 18th century there had been a perceptible increase in the amount of chocolate being eaten, in slabs and pastilles...
  12. ↑ Grivetti, Louis; Shapiro, Howard-Yana (2009). Chocolate: History, Culture and Heritage. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 746. ISBN 978-0-470-12165-8.
  13. ↑ Chrystal, Paul (2021). The History of Sweets. Pen and Sword History. p. 104. In 1776, Doret patented a hydraulic chocolate grinding machine which reduced it to a paste and in 1795, Joseph Fry industrialised chocolate production in England when he started using a James Watt steam engine to grind his beans.
  14. ↑ Masonis, Todd (2017). Making Chocolate: From Bean to Bar to S'more: A Cookbook. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. p. 16. ISBN 9780451495365. Then the nineteenth century brought coal, the steam engine, and technology that could smash cacao into an incredibly smooth paste for the first time, and it could be done on a large enough scale to make it cheap and accessible to more people.
  15. ↑ Notter, Ewald (2011). The Art of the Chocolatier From Classic Confections to Sensational Showpieces. John Wiley & Sons. p. 7. ISBN 9780470398845. Chocolate factories began to appear in Europe as early as 1728, but they used age-old labor-intensive methods to grind and churn their products. It was not until 1819 that the first sophisticated chocolate factory was established in Corsier, Switzerland, by François-Louis Cailler.
  16. 1 2 Barel, Michel (2021). Du cacao au chocolat: L'épopée d'une gourmandise. Éditions Quæ. p. 102. ISBN 9782759233793. À partir de 1820, ce sont surtout les Suisses qui vont innover, créer, améliorer les techniques de chocolaterie. Le premier est François-Louis Cailler, l'inventeur de la tablette de chocolat telle que nous la connaissons aujourd'hui. En 1826, Philippe Suchard ouvre une chocolaterie à Serrière, près de Neuchâtel, en Suisse. Il met au point une machine à meules pour mélanger le sucre et le cacao. C'est un immense progrès. [From 1820, it was above all the Swiss who were to innovate, create and improve chocolate-making techniques. The first is François-Louis Cailler, the inventor of the chocolate tablet as we know it today. In 1826, Philippe Suchard opened a chocolate factory in Serrière, near Neuchâtel, Switzerland. He develops a millstone machine to mix sugar and cocoa. This is a huge progress.]
  17. ↑ Schiess, Eduard (1915). L'industrie chocolatiere suisse: etude economique precedee d'un apercu general sur le cacao et le chocolat. Lausanne: Imprimerie de la Concorde. p. 128. Pourtant il y en avait déjà pour tous les bourses, du «Pur Caraque» au «Commun sucré». Il s'en faisait alors à la cannelle et à la vanille. Le prix-courant d'alors disait: «Ceux à la cannelle demi batz en sus, ceux à la vanille un batz par livre de douze onces». Le tout formait une série de 16 qualités avec 16 emballages différents [However, there was already something for every wallet, from "Pur Caraque" to "Common sweet". Cinnamon and vanilla flavored chocolates were made. The list price then read: "Cinnamon ones half batz extra, vanilla ones one batz per pound of twelve ounces." The whole formed a series of 16 qualities with 16 different packaging]
  18. ↑ Fumey, Gilles (2019). "Le chocolat, une étrange passion suisse". Bulletin de l'Institut Pierre Renouvin (2): 87–100. doi:10.3917/bipr1.050.0087. S2CID 214556578. Et la principale friandise est bien la tablette et non les granulés, les vermicelles, les paillettes, la poudre ou les décors plutôt présents en pâtisseries. Grâce à ce petit parallélépipède de cent grammes, vingt centimètres par neuf, le produit de luxe est devenu une friandise démocratique, définitivement sorti des pharmacies où était très cher, Philippe Suchard ayant calculé que guérir sa mère avec une plaque de quelques dizaines de grammes coûtait trois jours de salaire ouvrier. [And the main delicacy is the tablet and not the granules, vermicelli, flakes, powder or decorations rather present in pastries. Thanks to this small parallelepiped of one hundred grams, twenty centimeters by nine, the luxury product has become a democratic delicacy, definitively released from pharmacies where it was very expensive, Philippe Suchard having calculated that curing his mother with a tablet of a few tens of grams cost three days' wages.]
  19. ↑ Petit, Élisabeth (29 December 2014). "Menier, une dynastie pour le chocolat". Ouest-France. Retrieved 22 May 2022. Les premières formes de tablettes, enveloppées de papier blanc, voient le jour. En 1836, Menier lance une tablette à six divisions semi-cylindriques. Le succès est au rendez-vous. [The first chocolate tablets, wrapped in white paper, are created. In 1836, Menier launched a tablet with six semi-cylindrical divisions. Success is on the way.]
  20. ↑ "Onderzoekers in actie: Peter van Dam De geschiedenis van de firma Van Houten Cacao" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  21. 1 2 Mintz, Sidney (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. p. 157.
  22. 1 2 3 "The History of Candy Bars". Candy History. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
  23. ↑ "How chocolate became the winter beverage of choice". BBC News. 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  24. ↑ Cheung, Theresa (2005). Chocolate Principles to Live By. Conari Press. p. 159. ISBN 9781609251758. In 1849 the first truly commercial eating chocolate appeared at a trade fair in Birmingham, England. The bars were made by a company called Fry, which added sugar and chocolate liquor to the cocao [sic] butter. Fry was followed by Cadbury.
  25. ↑ Dand, Robin (1997). The International Cocoa Trade. John Wiley & Sons. p. 11. ISBN 9780471190554. Within a few years others followed the lead; by 1849 Cadbury was also selling eating chocolate.
  26. ↑ Candy Bar History
  27. ↑ Design, SUMO. "History of York." Rowntree & Co: Chocolate Manufacturers:. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.
  28. ↑ Grivetti, Louis E. (2011). Chocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1672. ISBN 9781118210222. By 1923, it was recorded that the "crunchy chocolates which sold in quantity only five to ten years ago have gone...
  29. ↑ The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. 2015. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-19-931361-7. The next great Swiss innovation, also dating from 1879, was Rodolphe Lindt's invention of "conching" [...] Tempering, too, invented around this time, greatly advanced the culture of chocolate.
  30. ↑ Cocoa", Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 9 May. 2013.
  31. ↑ Fitzgerald, Robert (2005). "Products, Firms and Consumption: Cadbury and the Development of Marketing, 1900–1939". Business History. 47 (4): 511–531. doi:10.1080/00076790500132977. S2CID 154421535.
  32. 1 2 Goddard, Leslie (2012). Chicago's Sweet Candy History. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-0-7385-9382-1.
  33. 1 2 3 Smith, Andrew F. (2011). Eating History: 30 Turning Points in the Making of American Cuisine. Columbia University Press. pp. 128–. ISBN 978-0-231-14093-5.
  34. ↑ Fahey, Miller, David M., John S. (2013). Alcohol and Drugs in North America: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 164. ISBN 9781598844795. Retrieved August 20, 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ↑ Hermé, Pierre (2019). Le Larousse du chocolat. Editions Larousse. p. 44. ISBN 9782035981820. Les noisettes furent les premiers fruits à être ajoutés dans le chocolat solide, une innovation suisse due à Kohler en 1830. [Hazelnuts were the first fruits to be added to solid chocolate, a Swiss innovation due to Kohler in 1830.]
  36. ↑ Robert, Hervé (2014). Les vertus santé du chocolat. EDP Sciences. p. 18. ISBN 9782759812950. Le Gianduja est créé en 1852 par Isidore Caffarel, il est fait à base de noisettes finement broyées [Gianduja was created in 1852 by Isidore Caffarel, it is made from finely ground hazelnuts]
  37. ↑ Goldstein, Darra (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-931339-6. This emphasis on caloric heft led to the introduction of whipped nougat and marshmallow, which made bars appear larger and therefore more filling. All these additions also made the bars cheaper, since the quantity of expensive chocolate was minimized.
  38. ↑ Hoffmann, Frank (2020). "Chapter IV: Chocolate Fantaisies". Chocolate Fads, Folklore & Fantasies: 1,000+ Chunks of Chocolate Information. Routledge. ISBN 9781317953005. "The entire over-the-counter candy bar industry is 95 percent milk chocolate. People are weaned on it. Dark chocolate is a connoisseur's chocolate—more tasty, richer. As a result, a person who wants that will never buy milk." —Joe Foscaldo, Marketing Manager for Phillips Candy House (quoted in Boston Globe)
  39. ↑ Batchelor, B. (2008). American Pop: Popular Culture Decade by Decade. Non-Series. ABC-CLIO. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-313-36411-2. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
  40. ↑ Chrystal, Paul (2021). "The Cocoa and Chocolate Competition at the Start of the Twentieth Century". Rowntree's – The Early History. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 9781526778901. In 1904, Daniel Peter and Charles-Amédée Kohler became partners and founded the company Société Générale Suisse de Chocolats Peter et Kohler Réunis. Cailler began to produce their own Branches. The original Branche was first mentioned in Kohler's recipe books in 1896.
  41. ↑ "Branche (de chocolat): Citation 24 Heures (1998)". Base de données lexicographiques panfrancophone (in French). Agence universitaire de la Francophonie. Retrieved 5 May 2022. Emballée de rouge, de bleu ou de vert, la branche de chocolat au lait fait partie de l'identité helvétique. Créée en 1907 par Cailler dans son usine de Broc pour écouler les déchets et brisures de confiserie qui étaient refondus et roulés à la main en boudins [...] Emballée dans une feuille d'aluminium, elle fut appelée «branche». Cette appellation trop générale ne fut pas protégée. Elle devint peu à peu le nom générique de tout bâtonnet de chocolat, qu'il soit sorti de Broc ou fabriqué par les marques concurrentes qui toutes se mirent à copier l'original. [Wrapped in red, blue or green, the milk chocolate bar is part of the Swiss identity. Created in 1907 by Cailler in its factory in Broc to dispose of broken confectionery that was remelted and rolled by hand into sticks [...] Wrapped in aluminum foil, it was called a "branch". This too general appellation was not protected. It gradually became the generic name for any chocolate stick, whether it came out of Broc or manufactured by competing brands, all of which began to copy the original.]
  42. ↑ Chrystal, Paul (2021). Rowntrees: The Early History. Pen & Sword Books. p. 62. ISBN 9781526778925. Prudently, Theodor Tobler and his then company, Tobler AG, applied for a patent in 1909 in Bern to cover the manufacture and shape of the bar, and Toblerone thus became the first patented milk chocolate bar.
  43. 1 2 3 Smith, Andrew F. (December 31, 2011). Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat. ABC-CLIO. pp. 131–. ISBN 978-0-313-39393-8.
  44. ↑ Kawash, Samira (2013). Candy: A Century of Panic and Pleasure. Faber and Faber. pp. 152–153, 156–157, 163. ISBN 9780374711108.
  45. ↑ Jill Elaine Hughes (October 20, 2013). "When Candy Was Dandy". Chicago Tribune.
  46. ↑ Irvine, Dean (2 February 2012). "How did Kit Kat become king of candy in Japan?". Eatocracy at CNN. CNN. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  47. ↑ Metin, Serpil; Hartel, Richard W. (2012). "Milk Fat and Cocoa Butter". Cocoa Butter and Related Compounds. pp. 365–392. doi:10.1016/B978-0-9830791-2-5.50018-9. ISBN 978-0-9830791-2-5.
  48. ↑ "Labelling Requirements for Confectionery, Chocolate and Snack Food Products". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019. Compound coatings, which are products having the appearance but not the composition of chocolate, are often used as an outside layer or coating for biscuits, candy and frozen confections or as chips within baked goods. There should be no indication that compound coatings are "chocolate". However, "chocolate flavoured", "chocolate-like", and "chocolaty" have been accepted as appropriate descriptions of such coatings and chips.
  49. 1 2 "Dwa cukierki - czekoladki" [Two sweets - chocolates] (in Polish). The Royal Łazienki Museum. Archived from the original on 2016-11-11. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  50. ↑ "Largest chocolate bar by weight". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  51. ↑ "The Largest Snickers Bar in the World Weighs Over Two Metric Tons". Food & Wine. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  52. ↑ "Largest chocolate nut bar". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  53. ↑ "Reese's Breaks Snickers' World Record for Largest Nut Bar". Food & Wine. Retrieved 21 February 2020.

Further reading

  • Almond, Steve (2004) Candyfreak, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, ISBN 1-56512-421-9
  • Broekel, Ray (1982) The Great American Candy Bar Book, Houghton Mifflin Co., ISBN 0-395-32502-1
  • Cadbury, Deborah (2011) Chocolate Wars: The 150-Year Rivalry Between the World's Greatest Chocolate Makers, PublicAffairs
  • Richardson, Tim (2002) Sweets: A History of Candy, Bloomsbury, ISBN 1-58234-307-1
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