Chen Yuanguang
陳元光
The Zhishanyan Huijigong Temple in Taipei, Taiwan. This temple is dedicated to the "Sacred Prince, Developer of Zhangzhou," Chen Yuanguang
Personal details
Born657
Gushi County, Henan
Died711
Tan Goan-kong
Traditional Chinese陳元光
Simplified Chinese陈元光

Chen Yuanguang (Chinese: 陳元光; pinyin: Chén Yuánguāng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tân Goân-kong; 657–711), courtesy name Tingju (Chinese: 廷炬; pinyin: Tíngjù), pseudonym Longhu (龍湖; Lónghú), was a Tang dynasty general and official. He was from Gushi County, Henan. The people of Zhangzhou, Fujian, along with the descendants of immigrants from Zhangzhou to Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia, all refer to him as the "Sacred Duke, Founder of Zhangzhou" (開漳聖王; Kāi Zhāng shèngwáng; Khai Chiang Sèng-ông).

Joining the army

At the age of 13, he accompanied his father Chen Zheng (simplified Chinese: 陈政; traditional Chinese: 陳政; pinyin: Chén Zhèng), commander of the Southern China military expeditionary force,[1] on a march to Fujian, for the purpose of setting up a regional administration. In April of the second year of the Emperor Gaozong of Tang (677), Chen Zheng died in the line of duty, Chen Yuanguang took over his father's duties, and led the troops in place of his father. At this time, the emperor granted him the title "General of the left guard, and jade bell defender of the county seat".[2] He then proceeded to quell uprisings by local ruffians such as Chen Qian (simplified Chinese: 陈谦; traditional Chinese: 陳謙; pinyin: Chén Qiān) of Guangdong, as well as Miao Zicheng (Chinese: 苗自成) and Lei Wanxing (simplified Chinese: 雷万兴; traditional Chinese: 雷萬興; pinyin: Léi Wànxīng), both of whom were leaders of a bandit gang named the "savage colleagues".[3] As a result, the southern Fujian region was pacified, and Chen Yuanguang was promoted to the rank of senior magistrate of upright character,[4] and granted the title of commander of the Southern China military expeditionary force.

Settling Zhangzhou

The Zhangzhou of Chen Yuanguang's time was a place where dozens of various ethic tribes, known in records by the name "She", were mixed together with ethnic Han peoples. Chen Yuanguang believed that courtesy trumped the use of military force as a tactic for winning over the local people. In order to strengthen his authority, he submitted an application to the emperor to grant prefecture status to the areas between Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. In the second year of the Emperor Ruizong of Tang (686), Wu Zetian approved the application, and issued a decree which granted permission for the creation of the state of Zhangzhou. Zhangzhou was to have jurisdiction over Zhangpu and Huaien Counties. Wu Zetian also ordered that Chen Yuanguang be given the position of chief magistrate of Zhangzhou,[5] as well as commissioner of Zhangpu County.[6]

Pacifying Fujian

After this, Chen Yuanguang established order among the various hamlets, built fortresses, trained troops, and pacified the border areas. As a result, the entire area, from Quanzhou in the north to Chaozhou in the south, and from Ganzhou in the west to the islands in the Taiwan Strait, became stable and prosperous. He then introduced advanced farming and production techniques to the area, and oversaw the planting of economically sound crops such as rice, flax, sugarcane, bananas, litchis, longan and flowers.

On November 5, in the second year of the second reign of the Emperor Ruizong of Tang (711), the children of Miao Zicheng and Lei Wanxing staged a rebellion in Chaozhou, then hid in the high mountains. After Chen Yuanguang heard the news, he led a troop of light cavalry to defend against the rebels. He fought the whole day long, but was killed by the sword of the enemy general, whose name was Lan Fenggao (simplified Chinese: 蓝奉高; traditional Chinese: 藍奉高; pinyin: Lán Fènggāo). The people of Zhangzhou were devastated. To them, it was as if a parent had died. Chen Yuanguang was buried at Daqiyuan.[7] Later on, his remains were moved to Zhangzhou.

Respect and admiration from his descendants

Chen Yuanguang's efforts at developing the regions near Zhangzhou and Chaozhou, received praise from numerous succeeding emperors. In the first year of the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (712), the emperor granted Chen Yuanguang the title of "the great general, and defender of the leopard scabbard".[8] He also gave him the title of "Marquis of Zhangzhou, the serene, loyal, resolute, and beneficent".[9] Later he also gave him the title "Marquis of the Ying River",[10] and ordered a great shrine built in his honor. The Emperor Huizong of Song donated a horizontal inscription which read, "Temple of Awesome Kindness" (simplified Chinese: 威惠庙; traditional Chinese: 威惠廟; pinyin: wēi huì miào). The Emperor Xiaozong of Song granted Chen Yuanguang the title "Defender Prince of Guangdong and brilliant spirit who accommodates brightness and ferocity".[11] In the Ming dynasty, his title was again changed, this time to "Marquis of brightness and ferocity".[12] The people of the Zhangzhou region call him the "Sacred Duke, Founder of Zhangzhou." Temples dedicated to him have proliferated in Fujian, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. There are more than 100 "Sacred Duke Temples" (simplified Chinese: 圣王庙; traditional Chinese: 聖王廟; pinyin: shèng wáng miào) in Zhangpu County alone. There are also more than 100 temples dedicated to Kai Zhang Sheng Wang in Taiwan. Many people continue to worship at the temples dedicated to him, especially by the Tan (Chen) clans from Hokkien origin worldwide.[13] In recent years, the Zhangzhou municipal government commemorated Chen Yuanguang by naming one of its main city streets Yuanguang North Road.

Temples dedicated to Kai Zhang Sheng Wang

Bibliography

  • 彭友智, 非常道: 道教諸神不為人知的故事

Notes

  1. ↑ simplified Chinese: 岭南行军总管; traditional Chinese: 嶺南行軍總管; pinyin: lǐng nán xíngjūn zǒngguǎn
  2. ↑ simplified Chinese: 玉铃卫翊府左郎将; traditional Chinese: 玉鈴衛翊府左郎將; pinyin: yù líng wèi yì fǔ zuǒ láng jiàng
  3. ↑ simplified Chinese: 蛮僚; traditional Chinese: 蠻僚; pinyin: mán liáo
  4. ↑ simplified Chinese: 正议大夫; traditional Chinese: 正議大夫; pinyin: zhèng yì dàifū
  5. ↑ Chinese: 漳州刺史
  6. ↑ simplified Chinese: 漳浦县令; traditional Chinese: 漳浦縣令; pinyin: Zhāngpǔxiàn lìng
  7. ↑ Chinese: 大崎原) near the Suian River (simplified Chinese: 绥安溪; traditional Chinese: 綏安溪; pinyin: Suíānxī) (present day Zhangpu Pantuo Daqi Bay, simplified Chinese: 漳浦盘陀大崎湾; traditional Chinese: 漳浦盤陀大崎灣; pinyin: Zhāngpǔ Pántuó Dàqí wān)
  8. ↑ simplified Chinese: 豹韬卫大将军; traditional Chinese: 豹韜衛大將軍; pinyin: bào tāo wèi dàjiāngjūn
  9. ↑ simplified Chinese: 漳侯，谧忠毅文惠; traditional Chinese: 漳侯，謐忠毅文惠; pinyin: Zhāng Hóu, mì zhōng yì wén huì
  10. ↑ simplified Chinese: 颍川侯; traditional Chinese: 潁川侯; pinyin: Yǐngchuān hóu
  11. ↑ simplified Chinese: 灵着顺应昭烈广济王; traditional Chinese: 靈著順應昭烈廣濟王; pinyin: líng zhù shùnyìng zhāo liè guǎng jì wáng
  12. ↑ Chinese: 昭烈侯
  13. ↑ "Po Chiak Keng: Only Tans could pray here before 1982". straitstimes.com. 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
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