Nunation (Arabic: تَنوِين, tanwīn), in some Semitic languages such as Literary Arabic, is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics (ḥarakāt) to a noun or adjective.

This is used to indicate the word ends in an alveolar nasal without the addition of the letter nūn. The noun phrase is fully declinable and syntactically unmarked for definiteness, identifiable in speech.

Literary Arabic

When writing Literary Arabic in full diacritics, there are three nunation diacritics, which indicate the suffixes -un (IPA: /-un/) (nominative case), -in /-in/ (genitive), and -an /an/ (accusative). The orthographical rules for nunation with the fatḥah sign ـً is by an additional ا alif (اً, diacritic above alif; or ـًا, diacritic before alif; see below), above ةً (tāʾ marbūṭah تاء مربوطة) or above ءً (hamzah همزة).

In most dialects of spoken Arabic, nunation only exists in words and phrases borrowed from the literary language, especially those that are declined in the accusative (that is, with -an). It is still used in some Bedouin dialects in its genitive form -in, such as in Najdi Arabic.

Since Arabic has no indefinite article, nouns that are nunated (except for proper nouns) are indefinite, and so the absence of the definite article ʼal triggers nunation in all nouns and substantives except diptotes (that is, derivations with only two cases in the indefinite state, -u in the nominative and -a in the accusative and genitive). A given name, if it is not a diptote, is also nunated when declined, as in أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ الله (ashhadu anna Muḥammadan rasūlu l-lāh(i) /ʔaʃ.ha.du ʔan.na mu.ħam.ma.dan ra.suː.lul.laː(.hi)/ "I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."), in which the word محمد Muḥammad, a given name derived from the passive participle of حَمَّدَ ("to praise"), is nunated to مُحَمَّدًا Muḥammadan to signal that it is in the accusative case, as it is the grammatical subject of a sentence introduced by أنَّ ("that").

Nunation - tanwīn تَنْوِين
Symbol
ـٌ


ـٍ


ـً

Transliteration
-un

-in

-an
Case
Nom

Gen

Acc
Example on the word بيت bayt
بيتٌ

بيتٍ

بيتًا
Transliteration baytun baytin baytan
Example on the word دودة dūdah
دودةٌ

دودةٍ

دودةً
Transliteration dūdatun dūdatin dūdatan
Example on the word هدوء hudūʼ
هدوءٌ

هدوءٍ

هدوءًا
Transliteration hudūʼun hudūʼin hudūʼan

It is a common practice, both electronically and in handwriting, to write the fatḥatān on the alif, rather than on the previous letter: بيتاً - هدوءاً

Xiao'erjing

Xiao'erjing is a Perso-Arabic script adopted for writing of Sinitic languages such as Mandarin (especially the Lanyin, Zhongyuan and Northeastern dialects) or the Dungan language. This writing system is unique (compared to other Arabic-based writing systems) in that all vowels, long and short, are explicitly marked at all times with Arabic diacritics. In this script, the three nunations are used extensively to represent the alveolar (front) nasal sounds ("-n"), and also sometimes to represent velar (back) nasal sounds ("-ng").

Nunation - tanwīn
Symbol
ـًا


ـٌ


ـٍ


ْـٍ
Transliteration
-an

-un

-en

-eng
Example on a word
بًا

جٌ

مٍ

مٍْ
Chinese Character
Pinyin bàn zhǔn mén mèng

Akkadian language

Nunation may also refer to the -n  ending of duals in Akkadian (until it was dropped in the Old Babylonian period).[1]

Character encodings

Character information
Previewًٌٍ
Unicode name ARABIC FATHATAN ARABIC DAMMATAN ARABIC KASRATAN ARABIC OPEN FATHATAN ARABIC OPEN DAMMATAN ARABIC OPEN KASRATAN
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode1611U+064B1612U+064C1613U+064D2288U+08F02289U+08F12290U+08F2
UTF-8217 139D9 8B217 140D9 8C217 141D9 8D224 163 176E0 A3 B0224 163 177E0 A3 B1224 163 178E0 A3 B2
Numeric character referenceًًࣰࣰٌٌࣱࣱٍٍࣲࣲ

See also

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.