Voiceless labial–velar fricative
ʍ
xʷ
IPA Number169
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʍ
Unicode (hex)U+028D
X-SAMPAW
Braille⠖ (braille pattern dots-235) ⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456)
Voiceless labial–velar approximant
ʍ
w̥
IPA Number170+402A
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPAw_0

The voiceless labial–velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʍ⟩. This was defined as a voiceless [w̥] until 1979, when it was defined as a fricative with the place of articulation of [k͡p] the same way that [w] is an approximant with the place of articulation of [ɡ͡b].

Some linguists posit voiceless approximants distinct from voiceless fricatives. To them, English /ʍ/ is an approximant [w̥], a labialized glottal fricative [hʷ], or an [hw] sequence, not a velar fricative.[1] Scots /ʍ/ has been described as a velar fricative,[2] especially in older Scots, where it was [xw].[3] Other linguists believe that a "voiceless approximant" is a contradiction in terms, and so [w̥] must be the same as [xʷ]. Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation, like labial and velar.[4] They conclude that "if it is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative".[5]

Features

Features of the voiceless labial–velar fricative:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aleut[6] Atkan hwax̂ [ʍaχ] 'smoke'
Bering ʼЎaӽ
English Conservative Received Pronunciation[7] whine [ʍaɪ̯n] 'whine' English /ʍ/ is generally an approximant or an [hw] sequence, not a velar fricative.[1] In General American[8] and New Zealand English[9] only some speakers maintain a distinction with /w/; in Europe, mostly heard in Irish and Scottish accents.[7] See English phonology and phonological history of wh.
Cultivated South African[10]
Conservative General American[8]
Irish[10][11] [ʍʌɪ̯n]
Scottish[10][12][13]
Southern American[14] [ʍäːn]
New Zealand[9][12][15] [ʍɑe̯n]
Hupa[16] wha [hʷa] 'sun' Non-velar like English wh.
xwe꞉y [xʷeːj] 'his property' A voiceless labialized velar fricative.
Kham Gamale Kham ह्वा [ʍɐ] 'tooth' Described as an approximant.[17]
Scots ⟨w⟩ /w/ and ⟨wh⟩ /ʍ/, older /xʍ/, do not merge. Northern dialects also have /f/ for /ʍ/.
Slovene[18][19] vse [ˈʍsɛ] 'everything' Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable onset before voiceless consonants, in free variation with a vowel [u]. Voiced [w] before voiced consonants.[18][19] See Slovene phonology.
Washo Wáʔi [ˈxʷaʔi] or [ˈw̥aʔi] 'he's the one who's doing it' Variously described as a labialized velar fricative or a voiceless approximant.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Ladefoged (2006), p. 68.
  2. ↑ International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 22.
  3. ↑ Johnston (1997), pp. 499, 510.
  4. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 330–2.
  5. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 326.
  6. ↑ Головко, Е. В. (1994). Словарь алеутско-русский и русско-алеутский (беринговский диалект) [Aleut-Russian and Russian-Aleut Dictionary (Bering dialect)]. Отд-ние изд-ва "Просвещение". p. 14. ISBN 978-5-09-002312-2.
  7. 1 2 "Received Pronunciation Phonology".
  8. 1 2 Rogers (2000), p. 120.
  9. 1 2 Rogers (2000), p. 117.
  10. 1 2 3 Lass (2002), p. 121.
  11. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 432.
  12. 1 2 McMahon (2002), p. 31.
  13. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 408.
  14. ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006).
  15. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 610.
  16. ↑ Golla, Victor (1996). "Hupa Language Dictionary Second Edition". Retrieved Oct 31, 2021.
  17. ↑ Wilde (2016).
  18. 1 2 Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 136.
  19. 1 2 Greenberg (2006), p. 18.

References

  • Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
  • International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Johnston, Paul (1997), "Regional Variation", in Jones, Charles (ed.), The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2006), A Course in Phonetics (5th ed.), Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • McMahon, April (2002), An Introduction to English Phonology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, ISBN 0-7486-1252-1
  • Rogers, Henry (2000), The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, ISBN 978-0-582-38182-7
  • Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, S2CID 249404451
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52129719-2 , 0-52128541-0 .
  • Wilde, Christopher P. (2016), "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon", Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (9): 130–199, hdl:1885/109195
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